Chemistry and Organic Medicinal Chemistry Practice Flashcards

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering organic chemistry basics, bonding, metabolism, and various pharmacological classes including antibacterials, anthelmintics, and CNS depressants.

Organic compounds

Compounds that contain carbon, with exceptions including $CO_{2}$ and $CO_{3}^{-2}$.

Octet rule

The rule stating that elements reach stability by achieving 8 valence electrons in their outer shell.

Tetravalent

The bonding property of Carbon, indicating it has 4 valence electrons and needs 4 bonds.

Sigma bond

The first bond formed between two atoms through headways overlap of $s$ or $sp^{x}$ orbitals; it is stronger than a pi bond.

Pi bond

A bond formed by the sideways overlap of $p$ orbitals only, existing as any bond after the initial sigma bond.

$sp^{3}$ hybridization

The mixing of one $s$-orbital and three $p$-orbitals resulting in four hybrid orbitals, a tetrahedral geometry, and bond angles of $109.5^{\circ}$.

$sp^{2}$ hybridization

The mixing of one $s$-orbital and two $p$-orbitals to create three hybrid orbitals and one leftover $p$-orbital, resulting in trigonal planar geometry and $120^{\circ}$ bond angles.

$sp$ hybridization

The mixing of one $s$-orbital and one $p$-orbital leaving two unused $p$-orbitals, resulting in linear geometry and $180^{\circ}$ bond angles.

Hydrogen bond

A specific type of dipole-dipole attraction where the positive dipole comes from a Hydrogen atom bonded to Oxygen ($O$), Nitrogen ($N$), or Fluorine ($F$).

Angle strain

A type of destabilizing strain caused by unwanted disturbance or deviation from ideal bond angles.

Inductive Effect

The overall push or pull of electrons through sigma bonds, where electronegative atoms pull electrons (withdrawing) and non-electronegative atoms push them (donating).

Constitutional Isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different connectivity, such as skeletal, functional, or positional isomers.

Enantiomers

Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other where all chiral carbons are inverted.

Diastereomers

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images because only some chiral carbons are inverted.

Markovnikov’s Rule

A rule for asymmetric alkenes stating that the major product has the Hydrogen added to the less stable vinyl carbon (the carbon with more Hydrogens).

Huckle’s Rule

The criteria for aromaticity requiring a molecule to be cyclic, planar, all $sp^{2}$ hybridized, and containing $4n + 2$ pi electrons.

Metabolism

The biotransformation of drugs in the body, primarily in the liver, to convert them into hydrophilic, inactive, and nontoxic forms for elimination.

Phase I (Functionalization)

Metabolic reactions that introduce or unmask polar functional groups ($OH$, $COOH$, $NH_{2}$, $SH$) via oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis.

Phase II (Conjugation)

Metabolic reactions that attach small, ionizable, endogenous compounds to functional handles to form excretable and inactive metabolites.

Glucuronidation

The most common Phase II reaction, using the coenzyme UDPGA and the enzyme glucuronyltransferase.

First-Pass Metabolism

The extensive metabolism of orally administered drugs before they reach systemic circulation.

SICKFACES.COM

A mnemonic for enzyme inhibitors which decrease enzyme activity and drug metabolism, leading to increased drug effects.

GPPPRS CAM

A mnemonic for enzyme inducers which increase enzyme activity and drug metabolism, leading to decreased drug effects.

Disulfiram

A drug used for alcohol addiction that inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, causing an accumulation of acetaldehyde and extreme hangover symptoms.

Phenol coefficient

The germicidal standard determined by the dilution of a disinfectant divided by the dilution of phenol required to kill Salmonella typhi.

Mebendazole

A broad-spectrum anthelmintic that works by irreversibly blocking glucose uptake in parasites.

Metronidazole (Flagyl)

An antiprotozoal agent used for amoebiasis that causes a lethal effect via covalent binding to DNA and produce a disulfiram-like effect with alcohol.

6-Aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA)

The essential nucleus of the penicillin molecular structure.

Vancomycin

A glycopeptide antibiotic that inhibits transglycosidation; it is the DOC for MRSA and can cause "red-man syndrome" during rapid infusion.

Gray baby syndrome

A toxic adverse effect of Chloramphenicol caused by the nitro group toxicophore.

Quinolones

Synthetic antibacterial agents that inhibit DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase; their nucleus is 1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-pyridine carboxylic acid.

Sulfonamides

Antimetabolite antibacterials that inhibit dihydropteroate synthetase to prevent folic acid synthesis.

Rifampicin

A first-line tuberculosis drug that inhibits RNA polymerase and is known for causing red-orange body secretions.

Isoniazid (INH)

A first-line tuberculosis drug that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis and may cause peripheral neuropathy, requiring Vitamin $B_{6}$ supplementation.

Benzodiazepines

Anxiolytics that act by increasing the frequency of GABA-mediated chloride ion channel opening.

Barbiturates

Sedative-hypnotics that act by increasing the duration of GABA-mediated chloride ion channel opening.