2nd half - key projects

Timgad, Algeria, Roman Empire, founded 100CE, city

• very good grid system

• forum built at the intersections of roads

• all roman cities were very standardized so anyone from other cities could easily navigate them

• decimanus and cardo were the names of the two main roads

Pantheon; Apollodorus of Damascus; Rome, Italy; Roman Empire; 117-125 AD, Temple

• temple to all of the gods (the entire pantheon of gods) —> each god has a statue and alter within this temple

• the current pantheon was rebuilt slightly later by Marcus Agripa —> he added marble, brick, and concrete

• plain exterior with a temple fortico facade

• large, unreinforced concrete dome with extensive painting on the inside

• natural light from the oculos

• corintian columns

Hadrian’s Villa; Tivoli, Italy; Roman Empire; 125-128 CE; Villa/Palace

• casinos, private stadiums, private gardens

• imperial palace

• visiting chambers

• stables

• baths

• Serapeum (dome to the Egyptian gods)

• Maritime Theater —> relaxation

Temple of Inscriptions; Chiapas, Mexico; Mayans (city of Palenque); 7^th Century CE, Pyramid  

• tomb aspect

• has inscriptions

• large shoot/tunnel going underground to the sarcophagus

• northside temple collapsed during construction

Pyramid of the Magician; Uxmal, Mexico; Mayans (city of Uxmal); 560-731 CE, Pyramid 

• something looks like the face of a magician

• aligned with the Mayan calendar (like the sun sets in certain ways on certain days because of the doorway and stuff)

• rounded sided

• elliptical base

El Castillo; Yucatan, Mexico; Mayans (city of Chichen Itza); 8^th-12th Century CE, Pyramid 

• stepped pyramid shape

• four sets of stairs

  • each has 91 steps

  • all together is the number of days in the Mayan calendar

• during the equinox, the shadows on the pyramids look like serpents

• dedicated to Kukulkan (Mayan Serpent deity)

Temple of the Warriors; Yucatan, Mexico; Mayans (city of Chichen Itza); 8^th-12th Century CE, Pyramid 

• four platforms

• square columns

• wide stairway leading up to it

• reliefs depicted jaguars and eagles feasting on human hearts

• probably a references to the human sacrifices at the temple

Great Ball Court; Yucatan, Mexico; Mayans (city of Chichen Itza); 8^th-12th Century CE, Mayan Ball court 

• longer than a football field (massive)

• slanted walls

• goals are circular hoops at the tops of the wall

• the game it was used for was sort of like basketball —> losers were sacrificed… (high stakes)

• alter right by the stadium for the sacrifices

• people watched from the top of the walls

Borobudur; Central Java; Sailendra dynasty ; 800 CE, Temple

• concentric succession of geometric figures

• described as a mandala in 3D

• stupas

• 8 segments, levels, etc. —> the 8 is significant in Buddism

• relief carvings

Banteay Srei; Siem Reap, Cambodia; Khmer Empire; 967 AD, Temple  

• only major temple at anchor not built by a monarch

• shiva and vishnu

• red sandstone

• stone carvings

• large pediments

Angkor Wat; Siem Reap, Cambodia;  Khmer Empire; 1150 AD, Temple Complex

• oriented west

• Vishnu

• Hindu-Buddist temple

• millions of sandstone blocks

• enclosures get progressively smaller as you move through the terrace

• temple is made of three rectangular gallaries

•  towers

• represents the mountains of Mauru

• recreate the mandala 3D, to reflect the geometric perfection of the world

• basically everything is carved, covered in relief sculptures which tell stories

Lakshmana Temple; Khajuraho, India; Chandella dynasty; 930-950 CE, Temple    

• pawns were there first and they build the temples around the pawns

• axial sequence on a double transcend

• geometric

• axial relationship to its pool and the other temples

• the laksmana was first and so it established the style and type that would be used for the other temples in the complex

• erotic sculptures

Dome of the Rock; Jerusalem; Ummayads; 687-692 CE, Monument  

• very important to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

• octagonal base

• elevated dome sat on a secondary smaller platform

• open interior

• pillars around the interior

• no religious services (not a mosque)

• text not images

Great Mosque of Damascus; Damascus, Syria; Ummayads; 715 CE, Mosque 

• round arches on the arcade

• pointed arches on the dome

• large open courtyard

• prayer hall with columns and arches

• mosaics

Malwiya minaret; Samarra, Iraq; Abbasids; 848-852 CE, minaret 

• Part of a temple with a courtyard, hypostyle prayer hall

• Minaret - sandstone

• similar to a ziggurat

• Gradual slope

Great Mosque of Cordoba; Cordoba, Spain; Ummayads; 785 CE, Mosque 

• hypostyle prayer hall

• Double arches made of a horseshoe arch with a normal arch on top

• Aesthetic

• Exterior has arches and things that aren’t for structure just for decor

• Mirab dome made of layers and layers of arches

Alhambra; Granada, Spain; Nasrids; 1354-1391, Palace.

• many rulers added to it during their reign

• can support 10,000 people at once (large compound)

• defensive structure

  • thick walls

  • towers with small windows for shooting through

  • smooth walls so no one could climb them

• housed the elites

• many courtyards and houses because each generation added onto it

  • looks more uniform on the outside but inside it various different areas

  • each court used different columns and designs

• dome with a clerestory —> a level of the dome thats mostly windows

  • this was a new innovation at the time this palace was build which shows that these people were with the times

Fatih Cami, Istanbul, Turkey, Ottomans 1463, Mosque

• the majority of the city was completely unorganized but the mosques were very symmetrical and organized so they stood out

• this was a political statement built on top of a tomb and church

• made of reused barrel vaults from the Romans (Roman concrete)

• massive dome

• square plaza with a food bank and hospitals

• minarets (very thin, very tall towers, used for the call to prayer)

Topkapi Saray; Istanbul, Turkey; Ottomans; 1480-1560, Palace

• has an asymetrical layout

• multiple paths you can take throughout the building

• it is made of three courts which were expanded on over time

  • 1st court

    • the sultan would meet people here

  • 2nd and 3rd court

    • private space for the sultan and his family

    • past the middle gate

• herem

  • children who were taken from conquered areas were educated here

    • the girls went to the brothel in the herem (trained in sexual activities)

    • the boys were the sultans advisors

Suleymaniye Mosque; Mimar Sinan; Istanbul, Turkey; Ottomans; 1550-1557, Mosque

• smaller domes hold up the larger dome

• center of learning of the ottoman empire

• tombs inside?

• his tomb was in the direction of mecca and so everyone praying in the direction of mecca in turn prays towards him

• large space to fit as many people as possible

Basilica Maxentius; Rome, Italy; Romans; 306-312 CE, Basilica 

• thick walls

• barrel vaults

• statues in niches

• massive arches

St John’s in the Lateran; Rome, Italy; Romans; ca. 324 CA, Early Church 

• built as a church

• depictions of jesus along facade

• octagonal baptistery

• 2 story portico

• marble columns, mosaics

• choir space

Old St Peter’s; Rome, Italy; Romans; ca. 319, Early Church 

• church type is based on the typology of a basilica so it can be a large gathering place

• build over the grave of the first Pope Saint Peter

• nave, aisles, apse, transept, narthex, atrium

• Greek style —> transept is crossing

Santa Sabina; Rome, Italy; Romans; 422–432, Early Church 

• austere exterior (simple) so that you don’t stand outside and look at it, but so you have to come inside to see the opulence

• clerestory windows

• colonnade —> leads the eye to the apse

• corinthian columns

• side chapels —> relics and alters

Santo Stefano Rotundo; Rome, Italy; Romans; ca. 463-483, Early Church 

• circular church structure

• centralized church —> alter in the center rather than at the back, congregation around the alter

• unfinished

• round collonade

• ceiling above the alter is higher

Santa Costanza; Rome, Italy; Romans; ca. 337–351, Early Church 

• Mausoleum for constantine's daughter 

  • Not being used as this and becomes a church 

• Has a dome 

• Bland brick exterior, more decorated interior

• Mosaic walls 

• Central focus on alter 

  • Colonnade surrounding the altar 

  • Brings focus to the altar 

• Only light coming straight down onto alter 

  • Everyone else kind of in darkness 

• Pretty small in size 

Key Project: Hagia Sophia; Istanbul, Turkey; Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus; Byzantines; ca. 532-537 CE, Mosque/Church 

• Turned into a mosque

• Huge main dome, Half domes as well 

• Domes on top of squares 

• Built using pendentive 

  • Very stable structural shape → able to add lots of windows 

  • Allows walls to bear less of the pressure → more windows 

  • Kind of like a groin vault 

• Very well lit but points of semi darkness 

• Dome over the nave (NOT ALTER) 

  • Alter not centralized but it feels centralized when you are in the space 

• Gold 

  • Sun reflects off of the gold 

San Vitale; Ravenna, Italy; Romans 526–547 CE, Early Church 

• Dedicated to & burial space of san vitales 

• Built as a centralized church but in practice as a linear church 

• Apse structure in the building but everything else shows it a centralized 

• Clerestory dome and lots of windows 

• Church and state connection 

  • Mosaic showing emperor of state having a religious halo (reserved for saints) 

  • Persists with bibles and soldiers with weapons 

  • Emperors closeness with bishop 

  • Right to rule from god

  • Right where central communion happens 

Abbey Church of Saint-Denis; Saint-Denis, France; French (Normans); 1135–1140, Cathedral .

• Rose Window

• First to embrace gothic style 

• Colonade

• arches for structure

Key Project: Chartres Cathedral; Chartres, France; French (Normans); ca. 1145-1155, Cathedral 

• Extra windows 

• Taking the gothic style to the next level 

• Octagon shape flower shaped windows → with masonry (at this point) 

• Rectangular base 

  • Elongate the church 

• Bishops palace, Fortified enclave, free hospital care around it 

• Three portals 

Key Project: Notre-Dame, Paris, France, French (Normans), ca. 1163–1200, Cathedral

• Well built → still standing 

• Building weight taken to the outside 

• Brick and copper roof 

  • Copper burned 

• 85% of building remained in tact after 10 hrs of burning 

• 50 years to build 

• 3 rose windows 

• 2 bell towers 

• Massive spire 

• Gargoyles 

  • Ward off spirits 

Key Project: Reims Cathedral; Reims, France; Normans; ca. 1225–1290, Cathedral

• Increasing visual complexity

• Want you to be impressed

• Awe-inspiring

• More looks nova

• More and more windows/glass make it lighter

• Less masonry in the flower window than before

• More light more height

Key Project: Hall of the cloth guild; Bruges, Belgium; Normans; 1230, Guild Hall

• Guildhall of clockmakers

• Craftsmen organizing into groups

• used as a marketpoace/ commercial hall

  • Able to practice their craft

  • Establish rules

  • Spread knowledge of the craft

  • Guilds are private → limit members, practice secrets

• New typology combining things they like and see from other architecture

• Taller tower = more importance

• People don’t have personal watches so communal clock

  • used to be bells controlled by the church but now a clock —> took a little power from the church

Key Project: Salisbury Cathedral; Salisbury, England; Normans; 1220-1330, Cathedral

• Not as complex as french cathedrals 

  • One single built unit 

  • No 3D deck 

• Not as many flying buttresses used 

• Not as vertical 

• Unique tall central tower 

  • Not many central towers elsewhere 

• Dual trancepts 

• Courtyard 

  • Monastery or nunnery 

• Similar bare bone elements of french gothic cathedral 

Ponte Vecchio; Neri di Fioravanti; Florence, Italy; 1340s, bridge

• Bridge dedicated to shopping 

• Gov doubled the width of the bridge to ass more places for shops 

• Arches give it a monumental feel

• Shop owners could add additional stories 

• Shop owner lives on top of shop 

• Opening with 3 arches 

• Symmetrical

Cathedral of Santa Maria del Flore; Filippo Brunelleschi; Florence, Italy; 1296-1436, cathedral 

• massive dome (bigger than the pantheon)

  • built with brick, cut stone, and wood —> no concrete yet

  • interior ribbed shell, exterior dome

  • 4 architects 

    • 1 responsible for just the dome 

  • Dome bigger than the pantheon 

  •  Mimicking columns inside   

• triple nave

Palazzo Medici; Michelozzo; Florence, Italy; Florence (Medici family); 1440s, palazzo 

• Palazzo 

• First floor open to conduct business 

• Privating living areas upstairs

• Merchants gaining wealth

• Perfectly square courtyard replicating roman atrium houses 

• rustication —> rougher stone the lower you get

  • used to make them feel bigger

Basilica of Sant’Andrea; Leon Battista Alberti; Mantua, Italy; 1472-1790, church  

• Adding imagery of arches and columns 

  • Inspired by romans 

• Colossal engaged fluted columns 

• Use of coppering → very reminiscent of roman period 

• Mathematically symmetrical  

• Heavily influenced by early basilicas

• Very roman feel on the inside  

• nave with a massive barrel vault

Pienza; Bernardo Rosselino; Siena, Italy; Papal States; 1459 (construction began), city 

• Destroyed housing and then built more for the people 

• humanism/ being guilted into giving back to the people 

• Ideal city

• In city 

  • Cathedral 

  • Open square in front of cathedral 

  • Bishops palace 

  • public palaces (wealthy citizens)

Cliff Palaces of Mesa Verde; Mesa Verde, Colorado; Ancestral Puebloans; 12^th century; cliff city 

• Built with mud brick 

• Built into cliffs for natural defense 

• 23 Kivas 

• 200 orthagonal rooms 

• Kivas for ritual use (not homes) 

  • Sunken circles 

  • Ladder down a dark way 

Templo Mayor; Mexico City (Tenochtitlan), Mexico; Aztecs; 1325; Temple

• Pyramid sanctuary 

• Built at least 6 times 

• Build in core and then add facing  

• two shrines of the top of the pyramid (god of rain, god of war)

• made of two stepped pyramids on a large platform

Machu Picchu; Cusco Region, Peru; Incas; 1450; royal resort/retreat

• Limited visitors per day 

• Tough climb 

• Vacation town for royalty and elites 

  • Only a small population could visit 

• Terraced rooms 

• 143 buildings 

• Roughly cut stones 

• sundial/solar observatory

Saint Peter’s Basilica; Bramante, Michelangelo, Maderno; Vatican City (Rome, Italy); Papal States; 1507-1626; cathedral

• Three architects 

  • Each artisan architect added their own elements to the structure 

  • Mixture of a lot of different things 

• Modified style similar to the pantheon 

• renaissance era sculptures on the inside 

• Baroque as well 

• Long floorboard 

• Dome is 400 ft 

Palace of Versailles; Versailles, France; French; 1661

• Palace home of louis the 14th

  • Built this massive palace 

  • Egocentric  

• Forever terrified he’d be killed 

• Initially a hunting lodge 

• Just outside of paris 

• Didn't like leaving the palace 

  • Ran the country from versaille (his bedroom) instead of going into palace

• Private suites

  • king and queen suits

• hall of mirrors

  • barrel vaults

San Marcello al Corso; Rome, Italy; Carlo Fontana; Italians; 1670s ; church

• at this point, rome was not as powerful of a place but still a center for art and architecture

• theatrical

• meant to be interacted with

• broken pediment* key trait of Baroque architecture

• sculptures

• interior

  • meant to be an expression of the wealth and power of the catholic church, so it was super grand

  • covered in paintings

Duomo, Piazza del Duomo, Catania, Sicily, Giovanni Battista Vaccarini, 1736; church 

• sicily was orginally built very organically, but then there was a devestating earthquake that destroyed everything. they used this as an opportunity to built an ideal city —> thats when this was built

• this facade is interesting because its meant to be viewed from all directions (most are beautiful from the front)

• Baroque —> theatrical, engaging, a bunch of little details

• columns that are kinda a mix of doric and corinthian and different on each level of the structure

Church of San Giorgio, Modica, Sicily, Rosario Gagliardi, 1740s; church 

• deliberated placed on a steep location so that the church would be elevated

• convex stairs, bent inward

• rose window

• bell tower

• alter

Palazzo Stupingi, Turin, Italy, Filippo Juvarra, 1720s; palace 

• built in sections

• symetrical in terms of of the exterior and facade

• 137 rooms

• 31,000 sq meter

• balconies

• x shaped plan

Stowe House and Gardens; Buckinghamshire, England; 1677-1779; Great House

• Currently a coed boarding school 

• Famous for architecture and gardens 

• Laboratory for picture esq experimentation 

• Stop at certain points for views 

• Various follies and buildings and monuments within the gardens 

Strawberry Hill, Horace Walpole with Robert Adam, Twickenham, England. 1749-1780; Great House

• Designed with elements of the landscape 

• Little gothic castle 

• Irregular layout 

  • L shaped, with bays 

  • Trying to get little surprise moments 

  • No rooms have the same shape 

• Lots of decorative aspects 

Santa Maria del Priorato, Piranesi, Rome, Italy, 1764-1766; church 

• Frieze has decorative design (not blank or story) 

• Pediment and pediment sculpture 

• No paintings 

• Rounded arches 

Key Project: Saline de Chaux, Ledoux, Chaux, France. 1770-1800; salt works

• radial design —> constant survailence for the director over the worker

• worker housing along the perimeter

• center was housing for the directors

• directors house was the tallest building in the complex (doric facade)

Key Project: Arc de Triomphe; Paris, France; Jean Chalgrin; 1806-1836; triumphal arch 

• commissioned after a war victory

• names of generals inscribed on the arch

• beneath the vault is the tomb of the unknown soldier

• 50 meters tall

• vaulted arches on all sides

Key Project: Mexico City Cathedral, Mexico City, Mexico, Claudio di Arciniega, 1573-1813; cathedral 

• built in sections

• gothic baroque and neoclassical

• large public gathering place

• bell towers

• central dome

Key Project: Palace of the Inquisition, Mexico City, Mexico, Pedro di Arrieta, 1710s; administrative building 

• double height patio type palace for the government

Key Project: San Francisco Church, Ouro Preto, Brazil, Aleijadinoh, 1766; church 

• no transepts

• single line

• ambulatory space

• choir space

• alter space

• broken pediment

Key Project: Parlange Plantation House, Mix, Louisiana, 1750; great house

• entrance to the house is on the second floor

• colonnaded veranda

• french collonial style

• plaster

• spaces for both family and working slaves

Key Project: Drayton Hall, Charleston, South Carolina; 1747-1752; great house 

• 7 bay (windows) house

• large central staircase

• two stories

• basement

• split staircase

• pedimented windows

• symetrical