psyc 314 - unit 2

the backfire effect

example:

educational appeal

provide general info, assume that ppl will be motivated to improve a health behaviour if they have correct info

message framing

refers to whether the info emphasizes the benefits (gains) or costs (losses) associated with a behaviour or decision

gain-framed messages

effective, focus on experiencing desirable consequences and/or avoiding negative ones

loss-framed messages

focus on experiencing undesirable consequences and/or avoiding positive ones

fear appeals

message framing that assumes instilling fear will lead to change

• can be ultimately motivating

• transient effects

• more persuasive

• emphasize consequences

• include personal testimonal

• provide specific instructions

• boost self-efficacy before urging them to change

too much fear problematic

behavioural methods

focus on helping ppl manage the thigns htat caused it - triggers and such

lapse

slip-up backslide → generally destroys motivation which turns into full relapse as they feel they failed

relapse

fully falling back into previous behaviour

abstinence-violation effect

experiencing a lapse can ruin one’s confidence in remaning abstinent and lead to a full relapse

motivational interviewing

• semi-directive (let client talk more, only interjectt when necessary), client-centered (frame things in terms of persons experience)

decisional balance

personalized feedback

regulation/prohibition of drugs

a traditional approach to preventing substance use/abuse is to regulate, prohibit, criminlizae additive or harmful substances

decriminilization

harm reduction approach

aims to reduce the negative consequences of substance/drug use; and to treat ppl who use drugs with respect and dignity

• tries to reduce stigma of using substance

• help motivative ppl to behealthy and contributing members of society

safer supply policy

allows ppl with opioid use disorder at high risk of overdose to recieve pharmaceutical-grade opioids

addiction

state of psychological and/or physical dependence on the use of drug(S) like achogol on activiaties or bheavious such as gambling

psycholgocial dependence

physical dependence

they fit well into the substance u?

obesity

having a very high amount of body fat in relation to learn

body mass index

(does not take into account racial differences, bones,

the health halo effect

the tendency to judge an entire food item as healthier based on one or more narrow attributes that are perceived as healthy

health behaviours

activities that ppl perform to maintain or improve health (or prevent disease and illness), regardless of health status or whether the activity actually improves health

the alameda county study

• investigated the link between lifestyle & health

• identified SEVEN risk factors (health habits) associated with poor physical health and increased mortality

primary prevention

involves actions taken to avoid disease or injury (or prevent onset of illness) - can technically be undertaken by either the individual or society

• associated with health promotion initiatives

health belief model

The likelihood that a person will perform some health behaviour
depends on the outcome of two assessments the person makes:
(1) the threat associated with a health problem and (2) pros and cons of taking action

• it is widely supported accross various health behaviours!

cognitive adaptation theory

those who do not fully accept their physiological risk may have better mental health → and be better able to cope with risk

theory of planned behaviour

health behaviour is the direct reult of behavioural intentions, which are influenced by 3 key factors

1. attitude regarding behaviour

2. subjective norm

3. perceived behavioural control - like self-efficacy

• widely supported across various health behaviours!

self-efficacy

belief that one can execute a course of action, achieve a goal; correlated with performance/success

the transtheoretical model (stages of change model)

recognizes that it may not be possible to change all at once

• validated across various health behaviours! especially useful in clinical settings

how to help ppl advance through the stages

• describe in detail how a person would carry out the behaviour change

• match strategies to the person’s current needs to promote advancement to the next stage

• plan for problems that may arise when trying to implement the change

motivated reasoning

Emotionally-biased reasoning intended to produce justifications
or make decisions that are most desired rather than those that
reflect the evidence

• one way ppl maintain unhealthy behaviours and resist adopting healthy ones

emotional drivers?

disgust, nurture, status, affiliation!!

empathy and perspective-taking have been shown to…

• reduce prejudice

• reduce sterotype expression

• reduce interpersonal aggression

• AND also mitigate the negative social consequences of pandemics

antisocial traits associated with?

like lower levels of empathy and higher levels of … - directly associated with lower compliance with containment measures → including social distancing, mask-wearing, hand washing

antisocial

socially disruptive, violating rights of others

vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaccine has led to

decling immunization rates

increasing frequency of outbreaks

individualism and narcissism AND OVERCONFIDENCE are correlated with

anti-vaccine attitudes and defiance

the Dunning-Kruger effect

cognitive bias whereby ppl with limited knowledge or competence in a given intellectual or social domain grealty overestimate thier own knowledge of competence in that domain

overconfidence associated with

anti-vax attidues, increased support of non-expert views in policy decisions