multiple source sounds

sound source

very point at which sound is created, origin of a vibration, nucleolous of sound, earliest start of disturbance in medium

ex: plucking string of guitar

sound

result of disturbance in a medium including gasses (air)

surrounding air moves

creates low amplitude sounds naturally

amplitude

amplitude of wave = directly influenced by force applied to it

increase force of natural air flow

higher amplitude sound

decrease force of natural air flow

lower amplitude sound

air movement synchronized

lower frequencies

air movement not synchronized

higher frequencies = more erratic movements

turbulent air

flowing air meets an obstruction/pocket of high air pressure, directionality of air flow will change rapidly & erratically

obstruction of air

higher frequency

sound travel

770mph, 1 mile every .213889 seconds, Mach 1

humidity

alters density of air

doppler effect

change in perceived frequency relative to movement of source

longer wavelength

low frequency

shorter wavelength

high frequency

vocal fold vibration

primary source of sound in human speech

turbulent air sources

secondary source of sound in human speech, where air can be distributed w/in vocal tract

consonants

created by using various combinations of voicing & turbulent air

voice

presents of vocal fold vibration, is there vibration

place

point of additional sound source w/in vocal tract, not including vocal folds, where highest turbulent air is, point of most constriction for air movement in consonant

manner

characterization of sound source, only category not specifically indicating a sound source, describes behavior in which turbulent air is created w/in a consonant

ex: stop, fricatives

voice onset time (VOT)

time between release of stop consonant & start of phonation, vowel sounds = always voiced, only way vowel sound is not voiced = when whispered

longer VOT interval

voiceless stops

voiced stops

shorter delay before onset of voicing

negative voice onset time

voicing starts before release of stop, vocal folds vibrate w/ mouth shut

ex: consonant/vowel followed by stop consonant

aperiodic sound

sources = more turbulent when constrictions are created in vocal tract, random, could change direction

ex: voiceless consonants

periodic sound

produced w/ less constriction in vocal tract vowels, rely on vocal fold vibration (more rhythmic)

ex: liquids, glides, nasals

spectrogram

voiced sound dominates shape of waveform