last final c100 study

Primary prevention

Preventing disease or injury before it occurs. Example: vaccination or violence prevention programs.

Three main institutions of criminal justice

Police (enforce laws and maintain order), Courts (determine guilt and assign punishment), and Corrections (prisons, jails, probation, parole).

Origins of criminal justice field

It grew from a split within criminology in the 1960s, emphasizing practical training for justice professionals.

Public health

A science-based field that promotes and protects the health of communities and populations.

Public health focus on

Prevention, population-level health, and environmental and social factors affecting health.

Focus of public health compared to medicine

Public health focuses on populations, while medicine focuses on individuals.

Goal of public health compared to medicine

Public health focuses on prevention; medicine focuses on treatment.

Approach public health uses compared to medicine

Public health emphasizes policy and environmental changes, while medicine focuses on diagnosis and care.

Secondary prevention

Detecting disease early and treating it. Example: screening or testing.

Tertiary prevention

Reducing long-term damage after disease occurs. Example: rehabilitation or chronic disease management.

Evidence in research

Objectively observable facts collected through scientific methods and used to evaluate policies and practices.

Factors influencing policy besides evidence

Normative concerns (values), political interests, and scientific evidence.

Exploratory research

Research that investigates new or poorly understood topics.

Descriptive research

Research that measures characteristics of a population.

Explanatory research

Research that tests relationships between variables.

Correlation

When two variables change together.

Example of correlation in criminal justice research

Police stops and mental health problems may occur together.

Causation

When one variable directly causes another.

Conditions to conclude causation

Different values of X exist, covariation (X and Y are correlated), temporal order (X occurs before Y), non-spuriousness (no third variable explains the relationship).

What if not all four causation conditions are met

The relationship is correlation only, not causation.

Spurious relationship

When a third variable causes both X and Y, making them appear related.

Example of a spurious relationship

Criminal behavior could cause both police stops and mental health problems.

Importance of data

It helps identify health and crime patterns, evaluate policies, and develop interventions.

Examples of administrative data sources

Police departments, hospitals, prisons, and jails.

State agencies providing data

Departments of Health and Departments of Corrections.

National criminal justice databases

FBI UCR and NIBRS.

Public health databases used

CDC WONDER and WISQARS.

Survey datasets used in research

NCVS, BRFSS, AddHealth, and NLSY.

Crowdsourced or journalism datasets tracking police violence

Fatal Encounters, Mapping Police Violence, and The Counted.

Challenges with criminal justice and public health data

Different units of measurement, different data collection methods, incomplete participation, administrative data designed for record-keeping rather than research.

Relationship between health and crime

They influence each other in a bidirectional relationship.

Mental illness contribution to offending

Through psychosis, emotional dysregulation, and co-occurring conditions.

Symptoms associated with psychosis

Hallucinations and delusions.

Emotional dysregulation

Difficulty controlling anger or impulses.

Co-occurring conditions related to mental illness and crime

Substance use and homelessness.

Likelihood of people with mental illness being perpetrators or victims of violence

They are far more likely to be victims.

Mental illness according to NAMI

A condition affecting thinking, feeling, behavior, or mood that significantly impacts daily functioning.

Diagnostic manual for mental disorders

DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders).

Co-occurring disorders

Having both a mental disorder and a substance use disorder.

Definition of co-occurring disorders

SAMHSA.

Goldstein's drug-crime nexus explanation

Three mechanisms linking drugs and crime.

Economic-compulsive crime

Crime committed to pay for drugs. Examples: theft, robbery, drug dealing.

Psychopharmacological crime

Crime caused by the behavioral effects of drugs. Examples: aggression, impaired judgment, lowered impulse control.

Systemic drug crime

Crime linked to illegal drug markets. Examples: disputes between dealers and gang violence.

Historical view of mental illness

As a spiritual or moral problem.

Changes in the 19th century regarding mental illness

Mental illness began to be viewed medically, and asylums were created.

Asylum reform leader

Dorothea Dix.

Deinstitutionalization

The movement (1955-1980s) that moved patients from mental hospitals into community care.

Reasons for deinstitutionalization

New psychiatric medications, high institutional costs, civil rights concerns, and Medicaid policy changes.

Trans-institutionalization

When people with mental illness end up in jails and prisons due to insufficient community care systems.

Prohibition

Alcohol was banned from 1919-1933 with strong enforcement, which increased organized crime.

Marihuana Tax Act of 1937

Heavy taxation that effectively criminalized marijuana.

Controlled Substances Act of 1970

Drug schedules based on abuse risk and medical use.

Schedule I drugs

No accepted medical use and high abuse potential.

Schedule II drugs

High abuse risk but with medical uses.

Schedule III-V drugs

They have decreasing abuse potential.

Drug policies that expanded enforcement in the 1980s

Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1986), mandatory minimum sentences, and crack vs powder cocaine sentencing disparities.

Insight about incarceration and drugs

Most people in prison are not incarcerated for drug offenses.

Major drivers of incarceration

Violent crime and prosecutorial decisions.

Correctional health according to the CDC

Healthcare for arrested individuals, incarcerated people, people reentering communities, families, and correctional staff.

What does the National Institute of Corrections (NIC) do

Provides training and policy development.

Role of the National Commission on Correctional Health Care (NCCHC)

Sets healthcare standards for correctional facilities.

Eighth Amendment prohibition

Cruel and unusual punishment.

Supreme Court ruling in Estelle v. Gamble

Deliberate indifference to serious medical needs violates the Eighth Amendment.

Rights established by Estelle v. Gamble

Access to care, care that is ordered, professional medical judgment.

Outcome of Brown v. Plata

The Supreme Court ordered California to reduce prison populations because overcrowding caused unconstitutional medical care.

Common health issues among incarcerated populations

Chronic illness, infectious disease, mental illness, and substance use disorder.

Structural barriers affecting correctional healthcare

Staff shortages, security restrictions, high healthcare costs, and geographic isolation of prisons.

Characteristics of jails

Short stays, high turnover, and difficulty providing consistent care.

Characteristics of prisons

Longer stays and more stable treatment options.

Problem-solving courts

Courts that divert individuals into treatment instead of prison.

Examples of problem-solving courts

Drug courts and mental health courts.

Crisis Intervention Teams

Police responses that include social workers or healthcare professionals.

Harm reduction

A strategy focused on reducing harm rather than stopping drug use entirely.

Examples of harm reduction programs

Syringe exchange programs and supervised consumption sites.