SBI3U Biology - Unit 1, Quiz 1

Cell Theory

1. All living things are made of cells

2. Cells are the functional unit of life

3. All cells come from pre-existing cells

Simple Microscope

Only one lens - limited magnification

Compound Microscope

More than one lens, bright light is condensed and focused to pass through a thin section of material

Dissecting Microscope

Two Oculars used to get a 3D image

Phase Contrast Microscope

Alters the brightness of cell areas to make some areas brighter than others

Electron Microscope

Uses electrons to increase resolving power, with better maginification

Electron Microscopes - Transmission

Electrons pass through specimen which must be dead and dehydrated with the image displayed on a fluorescent screen in a cross sectional view

Electron Microscopes - Scanning

Specimen is coated with thin metal layer which results in electrons bouncing off the specimen - 3D Image reflected off TV Screen

Prokaryotes

Cells that lack a nucleus, have no membrane bound organelles, and are found in single celled organisms

Eukaryotes

Cells that have their genetic material enclosed in a nucleus, do have membrane bound organelles, and are found in multicellular organisms

Ocular

The eyepiece of a microscope - usually at 10x magnification

Arm

Used to carry the microscope with the base

Stage

Platform that holds the specimen

Condenser

Focuses the light on the slide

Objective Lenses

Magnifies images at three different powers - 4x, 10x, 40x

Coarse Focus Knob

Changes the broad focus range

Stage Clips

Holds the slide in place

Base

Stand for supporting the entire microscope

Fine Focus Knob

Used in sharpening the final image of specimen

Light Source

Provides the illumination of the specimen

Light Switch

Power to turn light on and off

Body Tube

Holds the eyepiece and objective lenses apart

Revolving Nosepiece

Holds and moves three objective lenses

Diaphragm

Changes the intensity of the light on specimen

Working Distance

The distance from the objective lens in place to the coverslip

Magnification

The enlargement of an object

Resolution

The separation of discerning details

Scanning

Searching a slide for a specimen

Cell Membrane

Semi-permeable structure composed of a phospholipid bilayer that goes around the outside of the cell, controls what goes in and out of the cell

Nuclear membrane

A highly-porous semi-permeable membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm, regulating what goes in and out of the nucleus

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Chromatin

Granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell that the organelles are suspended in and keeps the organelles from bumping into each other

Mitochondria

Organelle that undergoes cellular respiration making energy for the cell

Golgi Complex

Organelle that modifies and packages proteins

Centriole

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

Cytoskeleton

A network of microfilaments and microtubules that holds the cell together, keep its shape, and aids in movement

Vacuole

Structure that stores water and other materials, particularly larger in the plant cell

Lysosome

An organelle containing digestive enzymes; sometimes called the suicide sac

Ribosome

Makes proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

An extensive membrane network that allows for transportation, compartmentalization and providing a large surface area for biochemical reactions - can be rough or smooth

Cell Wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants to provide extra support and protection

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs

Flagella

Whiplike tail that aids in movement

Phospholipids

One example of a lipid, which is made up of hydrophilic heads (attracts water) and hydrophobic tails (repels water). It makes up the cell membrane.

Integral Proteins

Proteins apart of the cell membrane that go all the way through, responsible for transporting materials

Peripheral Proteins

Proteins apart of the cell membrane that are either on the inside of the outside of the membrane, responsible for maintaining structure

Muscle Tissue

An animal tissue responsible for movement and maintaining body temperature.

Nervous Tissue

An animal tissue responsible for communication with systems.

Blood Tissue

An animal tissue responsible for transporting materials, removing waste, fighting infection and clotting.

Connective Tissue

An animal tissue responsible for strength and support.

Epithelial Tissue

An animal tissue responsible for lining, transportation, secretion and absorption.

Meristematic

A plant tissue responsible for growth & cell division.

Protective

A plant tissue responsible for stopping infections, protection and waterproofing.

Parenchyma

A plant tissue responsible for healing wounds, structural support, storage and photosynthesis

Collenchyma

A plant tissue responsible for flexibility and support

Sclerenchyma

A plant tissue responsible for mechanical strength, support and the outer structure.

Conducting

A plant tissue responsible for the transportation of minerals: Food (Phloem) and Water (Xylem)

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

The liquid environment surrounding living cells

Homeostatis

The maintenance of constant conditions within the body.

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high to low molecular concentration across the membrane

Osmosis

Movement of water from high to low water concentration across the membrane

Isotonic Solution

A result of osmosis where the ECF solute concentration is equal to what is in the cytoplasm, resulting in equal movement of water in and out of the cell

Hypertonic Solution

A result of osmosis where the ECF solute concentration is greater than to what is in the cytoplasm, resulting in water moving out of the cell

Hypotonic Solution

A result of osmosis where the ECF solute concentration is lesser than to what is in the cytoplasm, resulting in water moving into of the cell

Facilitated Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high to low molecular concentration across the membrane, with the help of a protein

Xylem

A subpart of the conducting tissue responsible for the transportation of water

Phloem

A subpart of the conducting tissue responsible for the transportation of food

Active Transport

The movement of substances against the concentration gradient (low to high) with the aid of a carrier protein and ATP

Bulk Transport

A type of active transport where the cell membrane changes its shape with energyE

Endocytosis

A type of bulk transport involving the transportation of large molecules into the cell.

Pinocytosis

An example of endocytosis where the cell membrane invaginates to take smaller particles, referred to as cell drinking

Phagocytosis

An example of endocytosis involving larger particles where the cell membrane engulfs the molecules, referred to as cell eating

Exocytosis

A type of bulk transport involving the expulsion of substances from the cell

Photosynthesis

The production of useableenergy in plant cells occuring in the chloroplasts. Formula: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Cellular Respiration

The production of useable energy in animal cells occurring in the mitochondria. Formula: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A high energy molecule created from cellular respiration or photosynthesis, composed of an adenosine molecule, a ribose molecule and three phosphate molecules.

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

An ATP molecule used up after one of the phosphate molecules is broken up. It needs to be recharged by adding another phosphate molecule.

Glycolysis

The first step of cellular respiration, involves the conversion of glucose into pyruvate outside of the mitochondria, producing 2 ATP molecules and NADH

Krebs Cycle

The second step of cellular respiration occurring inside of the mtochondria, which requires oxygen to occur. The pyruvate is converted into NADH and FADH2 molecoles, and the remaining carbons from the glucose during glycolysis are oxidized, releasing CO2 and producing 2 ATP molecules

Fermentation

The result of cellular respiration without oxygen. Instead of Krebs Cycle, glycolysis continues, converting the pyruvate into lactic acid in animal cells, or ethanol in yeast cells.

Electron Transport Chain

The third step of cellular respiration, taking place in the mitochondrial membrane, where the remaining NADH and FADH2 release energy which is captured by the mitochondria, which will later produce more ATP, typically about 34 molecules.

Aerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration occurring with oxygen, where the three main steps of cellular respiration occur.

Anaerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration occurring without oxygen, where fermentation is occurring.

Carbohydrates

A type of macromolecule making up 60% of our energy, composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Its function is to primarily provide immediate energy for the cell, usually in the form of glucose.

Monosaccharides

One type of carbohydrates consisting of simple sugars only: glucose (G), galactose (GAL) and fructose (F). Benedicts are a positive test to identify monosaccharides.

Benedicts Testing

A positive test to identify monosaccharides. When sugars are present, the reagent will turn from blue to green (lesser sugar) through red (most sugar)

Glucose

One example of a monosaccharide, which takes the form of a hexagon. Identified by the symbol (G).

Galactose

One example of a monosaccharide, which takes the form of a hexagon. Identified by the symbol (GAL).

Fructose

One example of a monosaccharide, which takes the form of a pentagon. Identified by the symbol (F).

Disaccharides

One type of carbohydrates consisting of double sugars only. Examples include sucrose, lactose and maltose.

Sucrose

One example of a disaccharide, which is used for standard table sugar. It is made up of glucose and fructose.

Lactose

One example of a disaccharide, which is used for milk sugar. It is made up of glucose and galactose.

Maltose

One example of a disaccharide, which is used for malted products. It is made up of two glucose molecules.

Polysaccharides

One type of carbohydrate consisting of more than two sugars.

Starch

One example of a polysaccharide included in plant forms. Its function is to provide storage. Iodine is a positive test to identify starch.

Iodine Testing

A positive test to identify starch. When starch is present, the reagent will turn from a brown-yellow colour to a blue-black colour.

Cellulose

One example of a polysaccharide included in plant forms. Its function is to provide structure.

Glycogen

One example of a polysaccharide included in animal forms. Its primary function is to store energy. It is found in liver and muscle cells.

Chitin

One example of a polysaccharide included in animal forms. Its primary function is to provide structure. It is commonly found in crustaceans.L