States of Matter: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Flashcards covering the properties of gases, liquids, and solids, including gas laws, intermolecular forces, and types of crystalline solids.

Changes in state are considered to be __________ changes.

physical

An __________ is a model of the way that gas particles behave at the atomic/molecular level.

ideal gas

Pressure is defined as __________ per unit area.

force

Gas pressure is a result of force exerted by the __________ of particles with the walls of the container.

collision

An atmosphere ($1\,atm$) is equal to __________ $mm\,Hg$ or __________ $torr$.

760, 760

One atmosphere of pressure is equivalent to __________ $kPa$.

101.3

According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, gases are made up of small atoms or molecules that are in constant, __________, and linear motion.

random

Gases are mostly __________ space because the distance of separation is very large compared to the size of the particles.

empty

As temperature increases, the average __________ (particle speed) of gas molecules also increases.

kinetic energy

Gases behave most ideally at __________ pressure and __________ temperature.

low, high

In a diffusion experiment, __________ diffused farther than Hydrogen chloride because lighter molecules move faster.

Ammonia

__________ Law states that the volume of a gas varies inversely with the pressure if temperature and number of moles are held constant.

Boyle’s

__________ Law states that the volume of a gas varies directly with the absolute temperature ($K$) if pressure and number of moles are constant.

Charles’s

The equation for the __________ Law is $\frac{P_iV_i}{T_i} = \frac{P_fV_f}{T_f}$.

Combined Gas

__________ Law states that equal volumes of any ideal gas contain the same number of moles if measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.

Avogadro’s

At STP, the molar volume of any gas is __________.

$$22.4\,L$$

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) is defined as $T = 273.15\,K$ and $P =$ __________.

$$1\,atm$$

The Ideal Gas Law is represented by the formula __________.

$$PV = nRT$$

__________ Law of Partial Pressures states that a mixture of gases exerts a pressure that is the sum of the pressures each gas would exert if it were present alone.

Dalton’s

__________ gases behave more ideally than __________ gases because attractive forces are present in the latter.

Nonpolar, polar

__________ is a measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow.

Viscosity

Viscosity __________ as temperature increases.

decreases

A __________ is a substance, such as soap, that decreases the surface tension of a liquid.

surfactant

The process of conversion of liquid to gas at a temperature too low to boil is called __________.

evaporation

__________ is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure.

Boiling point

The __________ boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to $1\,atm$.

normal

Van der Waals forces include two subtypes: __________ interactions and __________ forces.

dipole-dipole, London dispersion

__________ bonding is a special, very strong type of dipole-dipole attraction that occurs when hydrogen is directly bonded to O, N, or F.

Hydrogen

__________ solids, like $NaCl$, are made up of positive and negative ions and have high melting points.

Ionic

Diamond is an example of a __________ solid, which is held together by covalent bonds and is extremely hard.

covalent

__________ solids are made up of metal atoms held together by bonds formed by the overlap of metal atomic orbitals.

Metallic

__________ is the process of conversion of molecules in the solid state directly to the gaseous state.

Sublimation