BIO 201 study guide unit test 1

What is physiology?

study of biological function and their relationship with one another

• where + whats it made of

What is anatomy?

study of the body’s structural machinery

• how it works

Organ System

made up of organs with unique collective function, such as circulation, respiration, or digestion

Integumentary system

comprised of skin, hair + nails, other accessory glands

skeletal system

made up of bones + joints

muscular system

our skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle in the body

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, and all of the nerves + cells that make up this system

organs

made up of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function

tissue

made up of similar types of cells that work together to do a specific job in an organism

molecules

group of two or more atoms

metabolism

all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body

what metabolism builds reactions

anabolic

anabolic reactions

take small molecules and make larger molecules

what metabolism breaks reactions

catabolic

catabolic reactions

reactions where things are broken down

dynamic equilibrium

body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it

vasodilation

if too warm, vessels dilate

• heat-losing

vasoconstriction

if too cold, vessels in the skin constrict

• heat gaining

superior

above (toward the head)

inferior

below

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

closer to the origin of a body part

distal

farther from the origin of a body part

superficial

toward the body surface

deep

away from the body surface

• more internal

anterior

human: chest + belly

four-legged animal: head-end

posterior

human: back side

four-legged animal: tail end

ventral

belly-side (same as anterior for human)

dorsal

backside (same as posterior for human)

axial region

head, neck + trunk

_____ region above diaphragm and ______ region below

thoracic; abdominal

appendicular region

upper and lower limbs

Brachium is referred to as..?

brachial region / arm

Antebrachium is referred to as..?

antebrachial region / forearm

Carpus is referred to as..?

carpal region / wrist

Manus is referred to as..?

manual region / hand

Digits is referred to as..?

fingers + toes

Femoral is referred to as..?

femoral region / thigh

Crus is referred to as..?

crual region / leg

Tarsus is referred to as..?

tarsal region / ankle

Pes is referred to as..?

pedal region / foot

What would you find in the right lower quadrant?

appendix, cecum, ileum, right ureter

What would you find in the right upper quadrant?

liver, gallbladder, right kidney, pancreas

What would you find in the left lower quadrant?

urinary tract, reproductive system

What would you find in the left upper quadrant?

stomach, spleen, pancreas, left kidney

Where is the epigastric region?

upper central portion of the abdomen

Where is the Umbilical region?

central area of the abdomen that surrounds the belly button

Where is the hypogastric region?

lower middle area of the abdomen

What are the membranous organelles?

• nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complexes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria

what are the NONmembranous organelles?

• ribosomes, centrosomes, centrioles, basal bodies

What best illustrates the tissue level of organization?

A. A single neuron conducting an action potential

B. A group of similar neurons forming the brain’s gray matter

C. DNA forming a double helix

D. The brain coordinating body functions

E. The central nervous system

B. A group of similar neurons forming the brain’s gray matter

Low RBC count triggers erythropoietin (EPO) release from the kidneys, stimulating the bone marrow to produce more RBCs. Once RBC count is normal, EPO release stops. What describes this process?

Negative feedback, because the system opposes the drop in RBCs and restores normal levels

Which of the following correctly identifies the cavity, membrane, and organ?

A. Thoracic cavity, parietal pericardium, lungs

B. Pelvic cavity, parietal pleura, bladder

C. Dorsal cavity, parietal pleura, brain

D. Abdominal cavity, visceral peritoneum, liver

E. Thoracic cavity, visceral peritoneum, heart

D. Abdominal cavity, visceral peritoneum, liver

• pleura —> lungs

• pericardium —> heart

• peritoneum —> abdominal organs, like the liver

Which of the following is not part of the appendicular region?

A. Crural

B. Cubital

C. Mental

D. Brachial

E. Tarsal

C. Mental

• mental = chin, belongs to axial region

Which of the following is the best example of physiology rather than anatomy?

A. The left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle

B. The stomach is located inferior to the diaphragm

C. The left ventricle is composed primarily of cardiac muscle tissue

D. Insulin lowers blood glucose by increasing cellular uptake of glucose

E. The femur articulates with the acetabulum (hip socket)

D. Insulin lowers blood glucose by increasing cellular uptake of glucose

Which of the following best illustrates responsiveness in a living organism?

A. A plant bending towards sunlight

B. A seed germinating and growing into a young plant

C. A single-celled organism dividing to produce two new cells

D. Population of bacteria developing antibiotic resistance over generations

E. Blood cells transporting oxygen throughout the body

A. A plant bending towards sunlight

responsiveness: means to detect and react to a stimulus

stimulus: sunlight

response: the plant bends towards it

What correctly defines metabolism?

Metabolism includes both catabolic and anabolic chemical reactions in the body

Which of the following is an example of an anabolic reaction in the human body?

A. Breaking down glucose during cellular respiration

B. Digesting starch into simple sugars in the small intestine

C. Synthesizing glycogen from glucose in the liver

D. Splitting triglycerides into fatty acids

E. Hydrolyzing ATP into ADP

C. Synthesizing glycogen from glucose in the liver

• many small glucose molecules are joined to build the larger molecule glycogen

A CT scan image shows a cross-section of the body that separates the upper (superior) portion from the lower (inferior) portion. Which anatomical plane was used?

A. Sagittal plane

B. Mid sagittal plane

C. Parasagittal Plane

D.Front (coronal) plane

E. Transverse (horizontal) plane

E. Transverse (horizonal) plane

Which of the following correctly lists a molecule, what it’s made of, and its function?

A. Carbohydrate, monosaccharides, forms structural components such as cellulose in humans

B. Protein, amino acids, provides genetic information storage

C. Lipid, glycerol and fatty acids, provides insulation and long-term energy storage

D. Nucleic acid, nucleotides, serves as the primary component of cell membranes

E. water, hydrogen and oxygen, functions as a nonpolar solvent for lipids

C. Lipids glycerol and fatty acids, provides insulation and long-term energy storage

why others are wrong:

A. Cellulose is for PLANTS not humans

B. Proteins have many functions, also nucleic acids store genetic information

D. Lipids, especially phospholipids, are the primary component of cell membranes

E. Water is a POLAR solvent, so it doesn’t dissolve non polar lipids

The formation of a triglyceride from glycerol and three fatty acids during energy storage in adipose tissue can be described as what kind of reaction…?

• Condensation (dehydration synthesis) reaction

• and Anabolic reaction

WHY

• anabolic: smaller molecules are joined to create a larger triglyceride

• dehydration synthesis: water molecules are removed as glycerol bonds with the three fatty acids

What correctly distinguishes saturated, mono unsatured, and polyunsaturated fatty acids?

• Saturated fatty acids contain no carbon-carbon double bonds

• Monounsaturated fatty acids contain one

• Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain two ore more

How do you describe an enzyme and its function?

• enzymes are catalysts that accelerate reactions without being consumed

Severe vomiting leads to loss of stomach acid (HCI). What change in blood chemistry is most likely to occur

Decreased hydrogen ion concentration and increased pH

• vomiting removes acids, pH rises

Which of the following organelles/function pairs is incorrect?

A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, protein synthesis

B. Mitochondria, production of ATP through cellular respiration

C. Lysosome, intracellular digestion and breakdown of macromolecules

D. Golgi apparatus, modification and packing of proteins

E. Nucleus, storage of DNA and control of cell activities

A. smooth endoplasmic reticulum, protein synthesis DOESN’T occur

• no ribosomes = no protein synthesis

Which of the following is not a function of the cytoskeleton?

A. maintaining cell shape

B. anchoring organelles in place

C. synthesizing the protein subunits required for microtubule formation

D. Assisting with intracellular transport of vesicles

C. synthesizing the protein subunits required for microtubule formation

cytoskeleton is structure + support + assists with ICF

Which of the following structures has a double membrane that is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A. golgi apparatus

B. lysosome

C. mitochondria

D. Peroxisome

E. Nucleus

E. Nucleus

• the nucleus is bonded by a DOUBLE membrane layer - the nuclear envelope

• and the outer membrane is CONTINUOUS with the RER

Which of the following correctly identifies cell types with high and low concentrations of mitochondria?

A. High: skeletal muscle cells Low: liver cells

B. High: cardiac muscle cells Low: endothelial cells

C. High: smooth muscle cells Low: Neurons

D. High: Red blood cells Low: skeletal muscle cells

E. Skeletal muscle cells Low: cardiac muscle cells

B. High: cardiac muscle cells Low: endothelial cells

• mitochondria produces ATP (energy), so cells that need more energy need more mitochondria

• cardiac muscle cells constantly contract to pump blood, so they need lots of mitochondria

• endothelial cells: form the lining of blood vessels and requires less energy, so less mitochondria required

What would happen physiologically if a human drank seawater?

• water moves out of cells which leads to cellular shrinkage

• drinking seawater increases blood osmolarity

All of the following statements about carrier-mediated transport are correct except:

A. Uniport carriers transport only one solute at a time

B. Symport carriers move two or more solutes in the same direction across the membrane

C. Antiport carriers move two or more solutes in opposite directions across the membrane

D. Transport maximum (Tm) occurs when all carrier proteins are saturated

E. Facilitated diffusion requires ATP to move solutes against their concentration gradient

E. Facilitated diffusion requires ATP to move solutes against their concentration gradient

• DOESNT require ATP

• moves solutes DOWN their concentration gradient