latin SYNTAX

time expressions

ablative- when

acc- how long

prepositions (go infront of the noun)

usually folloiwed by acc and abl

first acc,

ad, cirucm, contra, in, inter, per, post, prope, propter, sub

ablt,

a, ab (from), cum, de (from), e/ex, in, pro, sine, sub

dative verbs

indirect objects!

appropinquo, credo, impero, pareo, persuadeo, place, resisto , subenvio

iubeo (acc)

indirect statement

subject accusative, verb infinitive

direct she said, “ i was reading”

indirect she said that I was reading

subordinate clauses (cant stand alone) take the subjuncitve (isse and re + mstmustisnt

dico puellam currere

present infin- re and ire

perfect infin- isse

perf passive- tus esse

future- turus esse

present passive - i

dixavit and putavit show past tense

indirect questions

real questions subj verb

rhetorical infin verb

subj verb = you dont know what i am thinking (the am i is flipped to i am in indirect

direct questions, the verb is litteraly just indicative

she becomes SE (3RD PERSON, SUAM

INDIRECT COMMANDS

VERB SUBJ MOOD

Commanding verb + ut + subj verb

negative uses NE (not to)

ut (to be)

noli and nolite

noli + infinitive = don’t do something (you sg)

nolite + infinitive = dont do something (you pl)

Present active particple , oerfect passive

present active particple (ing suffix), ns nt

perf pas - tus + a + um

future - turus + a um

deponent verbs (looks passive, active in meaning)-

conandus a um (to be tried

conditonal sentences

subjunctive (not true, unreal, hypothetical), indicative (fact)

conditonals - if or then statements

introduced by si (if)

nisi ( if not )

condition (if i praise my teacher) conclusion ( he will teach me well)

ONLY NEED TO KNOW INDICATIVE (FACTS)

present indicative - (regular present verbs ostmustisnt)

past- perfect verbs

if i praised my teacher, he taught me well

Relative clause

qui quae quod (nom) respect to mfn

quem quam quod (acc) mfn

qui quae quae (pl nom)

quos quas quae (pl acc)

qui- who

relative has same gender as what its describing (antecedent)

and case of what the qui describes

purpose clause

verb in subjunctive, and introduced by UT NE

purpose clause answers the why to main clause

hannibal came to italy TO (ut) destroy the romans (destoy would be in subj)

result clause

a clause showing the result of an action has subj verb, introduced by ut or by relative pronoun or adverb

so great was hannibals army, it destroyed many legions (ut - that)

talis-such tam - so tantus (a, um)- so great ita (In such a way) sic (so, thus)

adeo ( so very) tot (so many)

all common intensfiers in the MAIN clause

relative - no one is so whole that/who he does that think he can live a year

Negative - same as ut, but it becomes NEGATIVE (Ut non) ( i gave you so many gifts but you did not leave

temporal cum clauses

• time when something has happened, past tense indicative mood ( he built the walls when he founded the city )

  cum tucent, clamant (when they are silent, they are shouting

  dum - until

  cum, subj - when while

• postquam after

• simulac - as soon as

casual and concessive

verbs in subjunctive mood

casual cum- since , because (quod)

concessive cum- although (opposition to the main clause)often aoompanied with tamen (nevertheless) or quamquam ( although)