year 11 exam revision

sem 1

what are heterotrophs?

consumers that consume organic matter, examples include fungi and animals

what are autotrophs?

plants which make their own organic substances from inorganic substances through photosynthesis

plant VS animal cells

• plant cells are bigger

• animal doesn’t have a cell wall

• both have membrane bound organelles

• plant has chlorophyll

what is aerobic respiration?

• supplies body with energy

• requires oxygen

• breaks down food substances

• occurs in the mitochondria

• glucose breaks down in the Prescence of oxygen

what is the formula for aerobic respiration?

glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water + energy

what is the main characteristic of anaerobic respiration

it doesn’t need oxygen

what is ATP?

short for adenosine triphosphate it has 3 phosphate groups and carries out cellular processes which need energy

what is ADP?

short for adenosine diphosphate it has 2 phosphate groups

prokaryotic cells VS eukaryotic cells

• prokaryotics are simple, older and smaller

• prokaryotics have no membrane bound organelles or nucleus

• eukaryotics have a membrane bound nucleus and organelles

• both have DNA genetic material

• prokaryotics are singled celled

• eukaryotics are multi cellular

what are the phases of mitosis and what does each phase consist of

• interphase - DNA replication/growth/46 chromosomes

• prophase - in the nucleus chromosomes condense and become visible

• metaphase - chromosomes are now lined up in the middle of the cell/ no nucleus

• anaphase - chromosomes move away to the side by spindles

• telophase - new nuclei forming

• cytokinesis - cell wall has formed in middle of the cell splitting in the cell into two individual cells

mitosis is for eukaryotic cells

how does binary fission occur?

• growth

• DNA from parent cell coils to form 2 identical chromosomes- condensation

• chromosomes are moved to opposite ends of the cell lengthways

• cell wall forms in the middle of the cell

• cell divides

  binary fission is single celled and occurs for prokaryotic cells

explain surface area to volume ratio

the smaller the organism (larger SA:V) the easier it is for chemical reactions to occur, large organism leads to the surface area decreasing

• calculation of 2cm cube

  SA= 2×2×6 RATIO = : 1 (SA divided by VOL)

  VOL= 2×2×2

  = RATIO

what is the calculation for fermentation?

glucose > ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2ATP

metabolic process

what is the formula for photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide + water >light> glucose +oxygen

• plants need glucose

• chlorophyll is what makes plants green

what are the cell membrane parts?

• billayer that has proteins in it

• hydrophilic phosphilid tails and heads

• integral and peripheral membrane proteins

• glycoproteins (proteins with carb chains)

• glycolipids