Chapter 3 Anatomy & Physiology (McGraw Hill)

what are cells responsible for?

all structural and functional properties of living organisms

Cytology

study of cells

what did Theodor Schwann discover?

all animals are made of cells

who discovered that all animals are made of cells?

Theodor Schwann

What did Louis Pasteur discover?

cells arise only from other cells

cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells, cells of all species exhibit biochemical similarities

what did the light microscope reveal in a cell?

a plasma membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm

what did the transmission electron microscope do?

improved the resolution (ability to reveal detail)

what did the scanning electron microscope do?

improved resolution for the surface features is a cell

plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells (surrounds cell, defines cells boundaries)

what is the plasma membrane made of?

lipids and proteins

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Cytosol

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

what two types of fluids make up the cytosol?

intracellular fluid, and extracellular fluid

Cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement

what are the four components of cytoplasm?

cytosol, organelles, cytoskeleton, inclusions (stored or foreign particles)

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA, and ribosomes subunits, and responsible for growth and reproduction

what are the three basic components of a cell?

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

about how many types of cells are in the human body?

200

describe a squamous cell shape

thin, flat, scaly

describe a cuboidal cell shape

squarish - looking

describe a columnar cell shape

taller than wide

describe a polygonal cell shape

irregularly angular shapes, multiple sites

describe a stellate cells shape

star-like

describe a spheroid to ovoid cell shape

round to oval

describe a discoid cell shape

disc-shaped

describe a fusiform cell shape

thick in middle, tapered toward the ends

describe a fibrous cell shape

thread-like

**Glycocalyx

The external surface of a plasma membrane, fuzzy - carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins and glycolipids, unique and everyone but identical twins

what are the functions of the glycocalyx?

protection, immunity to infection, defense against cancer, transplant compatibility, cell adhesion, fertilization, embryonic development

**integral proteins

proteins implanted within lipid bilayer of plasma membrane

describe the 3 different kinds of integral proteins

transmembrane proteins pass completely through, hydrophilic regions contact cytoplasm and extracellular fluid, hydrophobic regions pass through lipids of the membrane. Some drift in membrane, others are anchored to cytoskeleton

peripheral proteins

adhere to one face of the membrane, but do not penetrate it. Usually tethered to the cytoskeleton.

what are the functions of membrane proteins?

receptors, second messenger systems, enzymes, channels, carriers, cell identity markers, cell adhesion molecules

Filtration

particles are driven through membrane by physical pressure between the cells

simple diffusion

net movement of particles from place of high concentration to place of lower concentration - substances diffuse down their concentration gradient

what are the three types of carrier mediated transport carrier types

uniport, symport, antiport

Uniport

carries only one type of solute (calcium pump)

symport

two molecules travel simultaneously in the same direction (sodium glucose transporters)

antiport

two substances move in opposite directions

Osmole

1 mole of dissolved particles

Tonicity

the concentration of a solution as compared to another solution

hypotonic solution

Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell absorb water and swell

hypertonic solution

Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water and shrivels (crenate)

isotonic solution

A solution with the same concentration of water and solutes as inside a cell, causes no change in cell volume

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Exocytosis

the process by which a substance is released from the cell through a vesicle that transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with the membrane to let the substance out

Transcytosis

moving substances into, across, and then out of a cell

Microvilli

Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorbtion, exist on every moist epithelia, but most dense in small intestine and kidney

actin microfilaments

cell shape, locomotion, vesicle transport (dynamic)

Cilia

Tiny, hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner.

axoneme

core of cilia that is the structural basis for ciliary movement

Flagellum

A long, whiplike structure that helps a cell to move

Pseudopod

A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food

nuclueolus

found within the nucleus, Mass where ribosomes are produced

Nucleus

Control center of the cell with DNA, where the generic material is

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Vesicle

A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

parallel, flattened sacs covered with ribosomes. Produces phospholipids and proteins of the plasma membrane.

Golgi body

a system of cisternae that synthesizes carbohydrates and puts finishing touches on protein synthesis

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

creates lipids, steroids or fat, breaks down toxins, stores calcium, lacks ribosomes,

Mitochondria

continually change shape from steroidal to thread-like, surrounded by a double membrane, ATP production

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Lysosome

An organelle containing digestive enzymes Bound by a membrane.

Centriole

short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each, play important role in cell division

Chromatin

thread-like Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

endoplasmic reticulum

system of channels (cisternae) enclosed by membrane

Peroxisomes

Produce hydrogen peroxide; detoxify harmful substances, breaks down excess peroxide to H2O and O2 (in all cells but abundant in liver and kidney)

what are the two kinds of inclusions

stored cellular products and foreign bodies

stored cellular products

glycogen granules, pigments, and fat droplets

foreign bodies

Viruses, intracellular bacteria, dust particles, and other debris phagocytized by a cell

Channelopathies

family of diseases that result from defects in channel proteins, cystic fibrosis for example