Ottoman and Mughal Empires
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66 Terms
Who captured Constantinople in 1453?
Mehmed ll
What year did Mehmed II capture Constantinople?
1453
Who ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1520-1566?
Suleiman the Magnificent
What was Suleiman the Magnificent also known as?
Suleiman the Lawgiver
Why was Suleiman called the Lawgiver?
He created a unified set of laws.
Who abolished the Janissaries?
Mahmud II
What were the Janissaries?
Elite Ottoman soldiers
Who were the Janissaries mostly recruited from?
Christian boys
What religion did Janissaries convert to?
Islam
Who were the Janissaries loyal to?
The sultan
What did the Janissaries help the Ottoman Empire do?
Expand
What happened at the Battle of Mohács in 1526?
The Ottomans defeated Hungary.
What happened in Vienna in 1529?
The Ottomans reached Vienna but were pushed back.
Which empire did Suleiman fight in Persia?
The Safavid Empire
What important city did the Ottomans gain from the Safavids?
Baghdad
Who was the supreme political and military ruler?
The sultan
What was a vizier?
A government official who helped lead the government
What is Shar'ia?
Muslim religious law
What is Kanun?
Civil law
What was Topkapi Palace?
The sultan's home and government headquarters
What was the Harem?
The private or forbidden area of the palace
What was the Millet System?
A system of religious communities
Which groups were included in the Millet System?
Christians and Jews
What could Christians and Jews manage under the Millet System?
Many of their own religious and community affairs
What did Christians and Jews still have to do under the Millet System?
Pay taxes and follow the central government
What types of art was the Ottoman Empire known for?
Architecture, mosques, tiles, calligraphy, silk, rugs, and poetry
What building influenced Ottoman mosque architecture?
Hagia Sophia
When did Ottoman coffeehouses become popular?
The 1550s
What were coffeehouses used for?
Socializing, gossiping, and discussing politics
What happened to coffeehouses during times of unrest?
Rulers sometimes closed them.
What happened to the Ottoman Empire in 1683?
The second attempt to conquer Vienna failed.
Why did the Ottoman Empire begin to lose momentum?
It depended heavily on continuous expansion.
What is India often called?
A subcontinent
What mountain range separates India from much of the rest of Asia?
The Himalayas
Who brought beliefs that developed into Hinduism?
The Aryans
Why was India important?
It was an important trade center.
What were some major Indian trade goods?
Spices, cotton, silk, and porcelain
Who founded the Mughal Empire?
Babur
When did Babur found the Mughal Empire?
1526
What religion were the Mughals?
Islam
What religion did most Indians practice?
Hinduism
Why was the Mughal Empire called a gunpowder empire?
It used advanced weapons and artillery.
What did the Mughal Empire unite?
Most of the Indian subcontinent
Who was Akbar the Great?
A Mughal ruler who ruled from 1556-1605
When did Akbar rule?
1556-1605
Who was Akbar's grandfather?
Babur
When did the Mughal Empire reach its peak?
During Akbar's reign
What was Akbar known for?
Religious tolerance
What did Akbar allow Hindus to do?
Practice their religion
What tax on non-Muslims did Akbar remove?
The jizya
What did Akbar try to end?
Sati
What type of government did Akbar create?
A strong, centralized government
What did Akbar support?
Art, education, and culture
What was the official court language of the Mughal Empire?
Persian
What cultures blended together in the Mughal Empire?
Persian and Indian cultures
Who built the Taj Mahal?
Shah Jahan
Who was the Taj Mahal built for?
Mumtaz Mahal
When was the Taj Mahal built?
1632-1648
Who ruled the Mughal Empire from 1658-1707?
Aurangzeb
How was Aurangzeb different from Akbar?
Aurangzeb was less religiously tolerant.
What did Aurangzeb force some people to do?
Convert to Islam
What did Aurangzeb's policies cause?
Religious conflict and rebellions
Who rebelled against Mughal rule?
The Sikhs
What weakened the Mughal Empire?
Expensive wars, high taxes, religious conflict, and provinces breaking away
What happened in 1739?
Persians attacked and plundered Mughal cities.
Who took advantage of the Mughal Empire's weakness?
European powers