Unit 4 AOS1 Human health

Countries are classified using?

Gross National Income (GNI) or average income

What are the 3 main groups for classifying countries?

High income, middle income, low income

What are the subgroups for middle income

Upper middle income, lower middle income

What is Gross National Income (GNI)?

The income of all residents from a country divided by its population, giving an average income for a single person of that country

GNI for high income countries

$12700 or more

GNI for upper middle income countries

$4100 - $12700

GNI for lower middle income countries

$1050 - $4100

GNI for low income countries

$1050 or less

What sets high, middle and low income countries apart?

Economic, social and environmental characteristics

Economic characteristics

• Poverty

• Range of industries

• Average income

• Global trade

Poverty

Term commonly used to describe the lack of access to resources, often as the result of a lack of access to money

Extreme poverty

The proportion of those with incomes of less than PPP$2.15 per day.

Purchasing power parity (PPP)

Provides a way to compare countries that have different currencies and costs of living.

High income countries and average income

Higher average incomes

High income countries and poverty

• Low levels of poverty

• Access to resources

High income countries and range of industries

Wide range of industries such as mining, education, healthcare, scientific research and technology

High income countries and global trade

Have access to resources to transport goods overseas and benefit most from trading opportunities

Low income countries and average income

Lower average incomes

Low income countries and poverty

• Large amount of people living in poverty

• Lack of access to resources

• More people living in extreme poverty

Low income countries and range of industries

• Limited range of industries, usually centred around farming and primary production

• Limited range reduces ability to trade on the global market - unable to generate goods that other countries need

Low income countries and global trade

Lack infrastructure, knowledge and production capabilities to produce a range of goods and services to trade globally

Middle income countries and global trade

Most are in the process of building infrastructure and developing trading links around the world

Gross domestic product (GDP)

A measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in a country in a 12-month period.

Social characteristics

• Birth rates and population growth

• Employment

• Technology

• Health systems

• Social security systems

• Legal systems

• Education

• Gender equality

High income countries and gender equality

Males and females have equal opportunities and choices with regards to education, employment, community participation and recreation.

High income countries and birth rates and population growth

Low birth rates and slow rates of population growth

High income countries and employment

People often have choices about the type of career they pursue

High income countries and education

Have a choice about the level of education they pursue and the government often provide funds for education opportunities

High income countries and social security systems

Established social security system to provide payments for those in need

High income countries and health systems

• Public health systems

• Access to basic healthcare when needed regardless of ability to pay

High income countries and technology

• More accessible

• Access to communication systems

• Access to the internet and media technologies

High income countries and legal systems

• Strong and stable political and legal systems

• Work to ensure human rights are upheld

Middle income countries and gender equality

Increasing females pay which helps to reduce poverty, increase productivity and economy

Low income countries and gender equality

• Females lack the same opportunities as males

• Limited education

• Work in fields and/or spend most of their day collecting water and cooking meals

Low income countries and birth rates and population growth

• High birth rates, fast rates of population growth

• Limits ability of

Effects of high birth rates and fast rates of population growth

• Limits ability of parents to care for all their children

• Limits ability of governments to provide services for citizens

Low income countries and employment

Limited choices in employment

Middle income countries and education

Government may contribute funds to provide education opportunities

Low income countries and education

• Do not have a developed education system

• Have to pay to attend school

Low income countries and social security systems

• Do not have means to provide assistance to their citizens

• Those unemployed or unable to work are driven further into poverty

Low income countries and health systems

Often lack access to suitable healthcare

Low income countries and technology

• Often lack access

• Impacts ability to gain an education and earn and income

Middle income countries and legal systems

Some unstable governments and political arrest

Low income countries and legal systems

• Unstable governments and political unrest

• Increased risk of civil conflict

Gender equality

When males and females have the same opportunities in society in relation to the goods and services available

Environmental characteristics

• Food security

• Infrastructure

• Safe water and sanitation

• CO2 emissions

• Housing

High income countries and safe water and sanitation

Access to safe water and sanitation including piped water and developed sewage removal systems

High income countries and food security

Access to quality food supply

High income countries and housing

Access to adequate housing

High income countries and infrastructure

Adequate roads, piped water, sewage systems, electricity grids, telecommunication systems

High income countries and CO2 emissions

High CO2 emissions due to wide range of industries

Low income countries and safe water and sanitation

High levels of unsafe water and poor sanitation

Low income countries and food security

• Lack of food security

• Natural disasters have a big impact on food availability because they dont have money to buy food in emergency situations

Low income countries and housing

• Urban slums

• Lack access to adequate housing

• Poor ventilation

• Lack of heating/cooling

• Infestation of disease carrying organisms

Low income countries and infrastructure

Often lack access to such facilities

Low income countries and CO2 emissions

• Affected by climate change

• Lack economic resources to deal with impacts

Human development definition

Creating an environment in which people can

• Develop to their full potential

• And lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests

• It is about expanding peoples choices and enhancing their capabilities (the range of things people can be and do)

• Having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living

• Participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives

Examples of Develop to their full potential

• Attending schooling

• Having employment

• Earning an income

Examples of Lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests

• Having a hobby

• Having a job you are passionate about

• Traveling

Examples of Expanding people’s choices and enhancing their capabilities

• Choice in where you live and work

• Access to different resources in clothing, food, entertainment

• Capabilities : reading and writing, job related skills, communication and technology

Examples of Access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living

• Access to education, online info, healthcare, hospitals

• Adequate housing that has heating and cooling, clean water sanitation, ventilation

Examples of Participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives

• Community - playing for local sporting clubs, attending local schools, working in the community

• Decisions - Who to marry, when to have children

Human development index

A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries levels of social and economic development.

What are the 4 indicators for HHI

• Life expectancy at birth

• Mean years of schooling

• Expected years of schooling

• Gross National Income per capita

Life expectancy at birth

An indication of how long a person can expect to live; it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at birth if death rates do not change

Mean years of schooling

The average number of years of education achieved by those aged 25 years and over

Expected years of schooling

he number of years of education expected for a child of school entrance age

What are the 3 dimensions of HHI

• A long and healthy life

• Knowledge

• A decent standard of living

Discrimination

When a person or group of people are treated differently than other people

Examples of gender inequality for women

• Lack education

• Neglected of healthcare

• Violence/abuse and rape

• Arranged marriages

• Forced labor

• Lack rights to make decisions