AP CSP Unit 2

Bandwidth

The maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second.

Computing Device

A machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors.

Computing Network

A group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.

Computing System

A group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose.

Path

The series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.

IP Adress

The unique number assigned to each device on the internet.

Internet Protocol (IP)

A protocol for sending data across the internet that assigns unique numbers to each connected device.

Protocol

An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system.

Fault Tolerant

Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times.

Redundancy

The inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two connected devices in a network.

Router

A type of computer that forwards data across a network.

Packet

A chunk of data sent over a network. Larger messages are divided into packets that may arrive at the destination in order, out-of-order, or not at all.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

A protocol for sending messages, calling data grams, over the internet without establishing a connection. Does not guarantee message delivery, order, or error checking, making it faster but less reliable.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

A protocol for sending data over the internet that first establishes a connection between sender and receiver (handshake). Ensures all data arrives correctly and in order by using error-checking and data recovery methods, making it more reliable but sometimes slower.

Domain Naming System (DNS)

The system responsible for translating domain names into IP addresses.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

The protocol used for transmitting web pages over the internet.

World Wide Web

A system of linked pages, programs, and files.

Digital Divide

Differing access to computing devices and the Internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics.

Physical Network

Fiber optic cables, wifi signals, or copper wires physically connect the computers, smart phones, servers, etc. that make up the Internet. Computers don’t need to be directly connected to each other, just a single point on the network.