Ball State BIO 111 - Exam 3

Catabolic Reactions

Break down of molecules and release energy

Anabolic Reactions

Building larger molecules and require energy

Catabolic Reactions

Break down of molecules and release energy

Anabolic Reactions

Building larger molecules and require energy

Exergonic Reactions

release energy

Endergonic Reactions

require/absorb energy

Kinetic Energy

Energy associated with motion

Thermal Energy

kinetic energy associated with molecules movement. usually in the form if heat

Potential Energy

energy that is stored as a result of position or shape

Bond Energy

potential energy available in bonds of a molecule. ( bonds of ATP for Ex. )

electrochemical gradient

high concentration of ions on one side of a semi-permeable membrane

First law of thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred and transformed

second law or thermodynamics

during every energy transfer, some energy is lost in the form of heat

T of F cells can utilize heat

FALSE

Spontaneously means ____________ an input of energy

WITHOUT

Entropy

A measure of disorder or randomness and UNUSABLE energy

Free Energy ( G )

The useable energy a system has

Enthalpy

total energy of a system

- change in G reactions

catabolic, spontaneous, release energy, exergonic

+ change in G reactions

anabolic, non-spontaneous, require energy, endergonic

How much work do systems at equilibrium do?

NONE

What do reactions move towards?

Equilibrium

T or F Cells are at equilibrium?

big false

The fact that metabolic pathways are never at equilibrium is a defining feature of life

yeah

catabolic and anabolic reactions are coupled by ____________ ?

ATP

________ reactions power __________ reactions

exergonic; endergonic (coupled by ATP)

Energy release from glucose breakdown powers what?

Protein production

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water. What happens to break terminal phosphate off of ATP

T or F ATP is regenerated?

TRUE

Phosphorylation

The transfer of a phosphate group to another molecule

Enzymes ________ up metabolic reactions

Speed

activation energy

energy needed to start a reaction

Enzymes LOWER the amount activation energy needed

Enzymes LOWER the amount activation energy needed

T or F Enzymes affect the amount of free energy

FALSE doe

Substrate

A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme

When an enzyme binds to its substrate, it creates a....

Substrate Complex

Induced fit

Brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that ENHANCE their ability to catalyze the chemical reaction

A substrate entering an active site ____________ of an enzyme

alters the shape

catalysis

the acceleration of a chemical reaction by a catalyst

Factors that affect enzyme activity

Concentration of the enzyme and substrate, temperature and pH

Substrate concentration controls reaction rate up to a point!

Substrate concentration controls reaction rate up to a point!

Once all enzymes are saturated, the reaction rate will......

plateau as there are no spots for excess substrate to go; they must wait. (think shoppers and cashiers model)

They only way to increase the reaction rate when enzymes are fully saturated is to...

add more enzymes so the excess substrate has a place to go

Environmental factors that affect enzymatic activity

Temperature and pH

Cofactors and coenzymes aid enzymatic activity by...

assisting with substrate bonding OR transfer of chemical groups

Competitive inhibitors

bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate

noncompetitive inhibitors

bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and MAKING THE SITE LESS EFFECTIVE

noncompetitive inhibitors bind to _________ sites

Allosteric sites

Increasing the substrate concentration has ___ effect on canceling inhibition

NO

feedback inhibition

A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway

Cells run on supply and demand

Cells run on supply and demand. When there's enough of a product, that product will stop being produced

Where a product will bind for feedback inhibition

Allosteric site