English and Catholic Reformation

The Tudors

• ruling family in England

• Henrey VIII (1509-47)

• Marries Catherine of Aragon (Mary is child)

• Anne Boleyn (elizabeth)

• Jane Seymour (Edward)

Henry VIII

• opposed reformation and luther

• Wrote “in defense of the seven sacraments” and given title “defender of the faith”

• marries cathernine, Anne boelyn (executed), and Jane seymor (killed in childbirth)

Henry VIII: First marriage

• Catherine of Aragon: daughter of isabella and ferdinand

• married mostly for political reasons, 2 decades, only surviving child was Mary

• king was desparate for a son, sought annulment from catherine to marry Anne Boelyn

Henry VIII: annulment

• despite efforts of Cardinal Wolsey, pope did not allow for annulment

• Henry replaced Wolsey w Sit Thomans More and convoked reformation parliment (1529-1536), which moved from reform to reparation from the papacy and rome

• 1533: Thomas Cranmer (archbishop of canterbury) granted annulment and witnessed marriage of anne, elizabeth born that september

Cromwell and Henry

• dissolution of the Monastaries

• brings wealth to the crown

• names Henry supreme head of the Church of England

• Protestant leaning regency council

Edward VI (r. 1547-1553)

• son of Henry and Jane

• 9 when comes to throne

• boy king and regency council

• more protestant

• “Book of common prayer” replaces catholic mass w protestant service

• allowing for clerical marriage, growing iconoclasm (destruction of religious images

• dies @ 15

Mary (r. 1553-1558)

• first queen regnant of England

• very catholic like her mother

• marries cousin Philip of spain (controversial bc foreigner)

• 2 false pregnancies, no children

• “bloody mary”-execution of 280 protestants

• restored ties to the papacy and rome, cardinal pole

• writing and publication of religious works

• died after reigning for 5 years

Elizabeth (r. 1558-1603)

• last of the tudors, never marries or has children

• Protestant beliefs and policies

• 1559: Elizabethan settlement- acts of supremacy and uniformity: queen as “supreme governor” of the church of england

• mandated c of e and official state church

elizabeth’s advisors

• William cecil: Lord Bughley: principal advisor (1558-1598), committed protestant

• francis Walsingham: spymaster, spy network to ferret out political and religious opposition

Church of England

• “Via media"- protestant but some catholic elements

• puritans: prtestants who wanted more purification of the church

• catholics: included recusants (those who refused to attend church)

• Church papist (catholics but would occasionally attend protestant church

end of elizabethan reign

• 1570: excommunicated, place english catholics in difficult position

• less catholics died under her but more were fined, imprisoned, tortured, and exiled

• 1603; by queens death, England was largely a protestant country

background of Catholic reformation

• counterreformation, catholic restoration, early modern Catholicism

• despite problems, late medieval church had support

• reform and renewal begun before and parallel w Protestantism

The inquisition

• church tribunals that aimed to root out heresy (false/ harmful beliefs and practices)

• spanish was most famous (Isabella and ferdinand

• part of the reconquista

• harsh in early years regarding conversos (jews and muslims)

• debate over impact less important, used certain degree of fairness.

Roman Inquisition

• based in papal states but had influence over much of italy

• launched in 1542, various procedures, greater due process

The index

• prohibited books

• manifestation of censorship was common, various degrees in early modern europe

• new age of printing

• 1559: first papal index, modified overtime

Pope Paul II

• the papacy: call for reform in “head and members”

• from hierarchy downward (clergy and laypeople)

• “the first counter reformation pope”

• convened at the Council of Trent

• Added reformers to papal court

• new religious orders (jesuits)

• patron of the arts, added the vatacin library

• established the Holy office of italian inquisition(1542)

• engaged in nepotism: appointing relatives

council of Trent (1545-1563)

• 3 sessions

• reformed dicipline and doctrine

  • abolished indulgences, outlawed pluralism

  • starts seminaries (teaching for clergy), honoring mary and saints was accepted

• Doctrine: salvation thru faith and good works; both the bible and tradition are sources of authority

• reformed 7 sacraments and unique role of the pope

  • salvation at state: 5000 kills for religion during this time

Carmelites

• reformed/descaled

• male and female

• strict observance of original rule of prayer

• contemplation/mysticism, begins in spain

• St. Theresa of Avila and (St.) john of the cross

Capuchins

• formed from within Franciscan tradition

• started in italy

• poverty/simplicity, preaching, ministering to the poor

ursulines

• all female order, beginning in italy, tried to break out of limitations of cloistered religious life for women

• eventually becomes cloistered (secluded)

• promoted education for girls via convent schools

Baroque

• dramatic and emotive architecture

• Bernini: sculptor, made Theresa

• curvy movement

Jesuits

• society of Jesus

• male religious order, active ministry

• St. Ignatius of Loyola(1491-1556): from spain

• developed spiritual exercises (program of prayer and enrichment), and encouraged education and overseas missions

• Important role in re-catholicizing many areas, esp central and into n and e Europe

Jesuits and education

• begins in Messina, Sicily (1548), Jesuits open “colleges” through much of europe

  • grade 7-12 roughly

• based largely on christian humanism, the “headmasters of europe”

Jesuits Missions

• begins w/ St Francis Xavier in 1542

• Jesuits launch mission work in many parts of asia and Americas(“india”)

• Inculturation: how to bring new religion to new place

• jesuits build churches and other structures, employing the renaissance and baroque styles

• order expanded dramatically in 16th and 17th c