meteorology

Figure 20.2 displaying the barotropic atmosphere and the baroclinic atmosphere pressure, height, and latitude

20.3 A forecast domain divided into 3-D grid cells (a,b,c)

20.8 Finite difference methods of estimating the slope at grid point i

20.12 Weather forecasting schedule, showing observation delay and data assimilation delay

20.14 range of horizontal scales having reasonable forecast skill

20.20 deterministic forecast showing predicted daily outcome

enables us to bound uncertainty

20.22 NWP model forecast displaying forecast day and anomaly correlation

Table 20-3 Hierarchy of operational numerical weather prediction models

know at least three

10.2a pressures differing at locations, chart of pressures and variable line with height line

10,.5 horizontal pressure gradiant force perpendicular to isobars

10.6 Coriolis force displayed at low lat, high latitude, comparing northern and southern hemisphere

10.7 Turbulent drag force in the atmospheric boundary layer making wind speed slower than geostrophic G

10.8 idealized weather map showing geostrophic winds caused by a balance between two forces: pressure gradient force and Coriolis force

10.13 comparison of gradient winds vs geostrophic winds for flows around. low and high pressure in the northern hemisphere

10.17 Balance of forces creating an atmospheric boundary layer wind that is slower than geostrophic winds

10.24 typical time and spatial scales of meteorological phenomena

10.27 volume conservation for an idealized cylindrical extratropical cyclone

Table 10-3 summary of forces

Table 10-5 summary of horizontal winds

Table 10-6 horizontal scales of motion in the troposphere

4 ranges and names

11.3a simplified global circulation in the troposphere near the surface

11.3b simplified global circulation near the tropopause

11.4 vertical cross section of earths global circulation in the troposphere

11.6 annual avg incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared radiation where arrow length indicates magnitude

11.10 graph displaying outgoing terrestrial radiation in and out , insolation, and net flux

11.14 meridional heat transports: satellite observed total and ocean estimates. Atmospheric is found as a residual

11.17 formation of thermal circulation. The response of two columns of hair that are heated differently

know initial state and final state

11.18 circulation mechanisms and geostrophic winds at the equator flowing directly from high to low pressure centers. at other latitudes the Coriolis force causes winds to circulate around highs and lows

11.20 a zonal temperature gradient causes isobaric surfaces to tilt with increasing altitude. greater tilt causes greater geostrophic winds.

11.35 simplified vertical cross section displaying polar and subtropical jet streams in winter and summer hemisphere

freebie

c- continental m-maritime t-tropical p-polar

11.58 sketch of 3 band global circulation for February

12.3 vertical circulation at surface high-pressure center in the bottom half of the troposphere

12.5 warm air mass genesis after cold air comes to rest over a warmer surface

12.6 Genesis of a continental-polar air mass over arctic ice

12.9 Modifications of a Pacific airmass by flow over mountains in the northwestern USA

12.11 cold fronts displaying four graphs of isotherms, isobars, winds, and weather

12.14 Vertical structure of fronts, based on cold air movement

12.17 Geostrophic adjustment of a cold from. (a) initial state. (b) final state is in dynamic equilibrium which is never quite attained in the real atmosphere

12.30 Cold front occlusion (a) surface map showing position of surface cold front, surface warm front, surface occluded front, and warm front aloft. (b) vertical cross section along slice A-B from top diagram

12.31 Warm front occlusion (a) surface map, symbols are to fig 12.30. (b) vertical cross section along slice C-D from top diagram

Table 12.1 Airmass abbreviations

13.1 Components of a typical extratropical cyclone in the northern hem.

13.2 Initial conditions favoring cyclogenesis in northern hemisphere (a) surface weather map (b) upper air jet stream

(b)

13.3a-c the three stages of cyclogenesis

13.4b illustration of movement of a low while it evolves

13.7 two n. hem. weather maps superimposed displaying vertical tilting from surface low to upper level trough allowing cyclogenesis, and vertical stacking filling the low leading to cyclolysis

13.8 ascending and descending air in a cyclone

13.20 Cyclogenesis to the ice of the mountains. (a) vertical cross section (b) map of jet stream flow.

14.2 vertical slice through mature thunderstorm (c ) horizontal composite

14.4 a-b sketch of classic supercell thunderstorm moving left to right. top down view sketch of a classic supercell showing possible tornado positions

14.6 phases of thunderstorm cell evolution- towering cumulus, mature, dissipating, afterwards

14.10 diagram of multicellular thunderstorm motion at 15 min increments

14.12 vertical cross section of a mesoscale convective system

14.22 atmospheric conditions favorable for formation of strong thunderstorms

14.35 sketched rectangle of incremental height (change in z) and width Tp-Te shows the portion of total CAOE area associated with just one thin layer of air

14.47 sketch of supercell thunderstorm with changing wind shear

14.73 wind hitting a mountain can be forced upslope, triggering thunderstorms called orographic thunderstorms

14.76 (a-b) simplification of daily cycle of upward net radiation, which combines solar heating during the day and infrared cooling day and night, for summer over land

table 14-1 thunderstorm intensity guide