marine bio!

Sublimation

Phase change when a solid turns into a gas.

Temperature

Reflects the average speed of molecules.

Photosynthesis

The process that captures the sun's energy to make glucose.

Cellular respiration

Used by organisms to convert stored chemical energy into ATP.

Eukaryotic

Organism with complex cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Osmoregulation

Process where an organism maintains the proper concentration of solutes and water in its body.

Surface-to-volume ratio

Best ratio for a single-celled organism is 4.1.

Adaptations

Features that organisms have to survive in their habitat.

Salinity

Total amount of salt in seawater.

Binomial nomenclature

System used to identify organisms, e.g., Hawaiian monk seal as A s.

Asexual

Single-celled organisms that create organisms without sexual reproduction.

Phylogenetics

The study of evolutionary relationships.

Heterotrophs

Organisms that use respiration to obtain energy from organic matter.

Anaerobic respiration

Type of respiration that does not require oxygen.

Aerobic respiration

Type of respiration that requires oxygen.

Archaea

Organisms found in extreme environments like hydrothermal vents and high saline areas.

Algae

Organisms once referred to as plants but showing animal-like characteristics.

Polyp

Sac-like stage of cnidarians that attaches to the seafloor with the mouth and tentacles facing upward.

Medusa

Bell-like stage of cnidarians adapted for swimming with the mouth and tentacles facing downward.

Nematocyst

Stinging structure used by cnidarians to capture prey.

Flatworms

Simplest bilaterally symmetrical body plans with a flattened body.

Ribbon worms

More complex worms with a complex gut and primitive body and circulatory system.

Roundworms

Often parasitic worms found in sediment or other organisms.

Arrow worms

Worms that are almost transparent with fish-like fins and tails.

Segmented worms

Worms that have bodies with a series of similar compartments.

Peanut worms

Worms with a soft, unsegmented body with a coelom and retractable mouth.

Mantle

Thin tissue layer that secretes the shell in mollusks.

Gastropods

Class of mollusks described as a coiled mass enclosed by a dorsal shell on a creeping ventral foot.

Nudibranchs

Mollusks without shells, featuring colorful projections of their gut or exposed gills.

Bivalves

Class of mollusks with a flattened body enclosed in a shell with two parts.

Cephalopoda

Mollusks adapted to an active lifestyle, making them great swimmers and predators.

Arthropods

Three out of four animals are arthropods.

Gills

Structural feature most crustaceans have for gas exchange.

Copepods

Abundant and important plankton community members using mouthparts to filter or capture food.

Barnacles

Filter feeders attached to surfaces, including living animals like whales.

Amphipods

Small crustaceans with a curved body that is flattened sideways.

Isopods

Easily identifiable crustaceans with similar legs and dorsoventrally flattened bodies.

Krill

Common plankton community members, primary food source for many whales, penguins, and fishes.

Backbone

Dorsal row of hollow skeletal elements, usually bones called vertebrae.

Jawless fishes

Group of fishes without paired appendages or scales and with elongated bodies.

Hagfish

Also known as slime eels, they have slime glands in the dermis.

Lamprey

Group of fishes that attach and rip a hole in the flesh of other fishes to feed.

Cartilaginous fishes

Group of fishes with placoid scales and includes some of the largest living vertebrates.

Sharks

Group of cartilaginous fishes with heterocercal caudal fins and continuously replaced teeth.

Sharks and rays

Group of cartilaginous fishes with flattened bodies and enlarged pectoral fins.

Bony fishes

Fishes with cycloid scales, operculum, homocercal tail, and swim bladder.

Thermohaline circulation

Caused by changes in density from temperature and salinity, crucial for life on Earth.

Sodium and chloride

Salt associates with these ions, denoted as +Na -Cl.

Oxygen

Most important dissolved gas in the ocean.

Pressure

Increases as ocean depth increases.

Surface layer

Refers to the top 100-200 meters of the ocean.

Coriolis effect

Causes currents north from the equator to drift right.

Tradewinds

Winds that approach the equator at a 45-degree angle.

High tides

Occurrence when Earth lies under one of the bulges.

Wave length

Distance between two wave crests.

Metabolism

Chemical reactions in an organism that enable work.

Homeostasis

Stable internal environment in an organism.

Fats or lipids

Function as energy storage and insulation.

ADP

What ATP molecule becomes when it's used for energy.

Virus

Entity that is not made of cells.

Prokaryote

Smallest and simplest living organism.

Decay bacteria

Organisms that break down waste.

Cyanobacteria

Most abundant photosynthetic organisms.

Photoautotroph

Autotrophic organisms that use photosynthesis.

Chemoautotroph

Autotrophs that use chemical compounds.

Diatoms

Cellular algae made of silica.

Dinoflagellates

Organisms that have two flagella.

Foraminiferans

Organisms with calcium carbonate shells.

Radiolarians

Protozoans with delicate skeletons.

Fungi

Eukaryotic organisms that do not have chloroplasts.

Chlorophyll

Photosynthetic pigment in photosynthetic organisms.

Green algae

Freshwater species with photosynthetic pigments.

Brown algae

The most abundant and complex type of seaweed.

Red algae

Most diverse species found in shallow waters.

Invertebrates

Most percent of animals are classified as this.

Sponges

Simple organisms with a cellular level of organization but no true tissues.

Cnidarians

More complex than sponges, having tissues but no nerves or brain.

Levels of organization

Order from smallest to largest: Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism.

Natural selection

Evolutionary process where traits that aid survival become more common in a population.

Taxonomic levels

Group organisms by characteristics: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Kelp anatomy

Identify stipe, holdfast, air bladders, thallus, and blades.

Bilateral symmetry

Organism with this symmetry exemplified by octopus.

Radial symmetry

Organism with this symmetry exemplified by jellyfish.

Complexity of organisms

Increases from bacteria to bony fishes, integrating various organisms in the evolution narrative.