AP Euro Test

The passage describes a battle during the First World War, which resulted in part from

territorial disputes and rival alliance structures involving Germany and France as well as all the other major European powers

In this conflict, military leaders were often slow to adapt their tactics to new weapons’ increased range, accuracy, and rapidity of fire. As a result

many battles, like the one described in the passage, resulted in great loss of life for small territorial gains

The battle described in the passage is typical of trench warfare on the Western Front, which was characterized by

small territorial gains, usually at a cost of many casualties

During the interwar period, many Europeans were weary of war, seeing the huge human and economic losses of the First World War as largely pointless. Even among those who saw the war as a justifiable defense against foreign aggression there was little appetite for a new conflict. Briand’s comments reflect the strong desire of many Europeans to

avoid future conflicts and the hope that international cooperation would be ensure the peace.

Although Briand, in welcoming Germany into the League of Nations, expresses the hope that international cooperation will prevent future conflicts

the instability of the Weimar Republic and the rise of the Nazis made this impossible

The resentment felt by many Germans over Germany’s defeat and the humiliating terms of the Treaty of Versailles at the end of the First World War was exploited by Hitler

who advocated for Germany to restore its status as a great power through rearmament and an expansionist foreign policy.

The gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire which occurred during the nineteenth century created

the most serious diplomatic and political tension between Austria and Russia

Unlike Marx, Lenin emphasized

that the working class, on its own, would not develop revolutionary consciousness

The effects of the Allied naval blockade contributed most to

Germany’s defeat in the First World War

One major consequence of the First World War was the

start of the Russian Revolution.

Vladimir Lenin led the successful Bolshevik Revolution in Russia during the First World War with the

hopes of establishing a new government based on the ideas of Marxism

Lenin’s proposals for change in Russia during this time period were

based on Marx's critiques of industrial society and were structured in such a way as to dismantle capitalist systems of production.

Lenin’s call for an end to the war is best explained by

Russia's poor performance in the war that had created massive suffering and discontent in Russia

Russia’s performance in the First World War was most significantly

held back Russia's incomplete industrialization

Lenin’s New Economic Policy is best described as

a compromise with capitalist economic principles

The poster depicts people being crushed by the terms set by the Treaty of Versailles,

which ended the First World War

The poster refers to

he economic burdens imposed on Germany by the treaty, most prominently the payment of reparations for damages caused by Germany during the war

The payment of these reparations had been both

economically painful and politically controversial in the Weimar Republic during the 1920s

economically painful and politically controversial in the Weimar Republic during the 1920s. After the onset of the Great Depression in 1929, the collapse of Germany’s economy led to

renewed calls to cancel the reparations, which Germans like the artist viewed as unfair and untenable

France regained Alsace-Lorraine as part of

the peace settlement after the First World War

The painting shows a young woman holding a book of laws, representing Finland, being attacked by a double-headed eagle, symbolizing imperial Russia

The painting was created in reaction to Russian policies limiting Finnish autonomy within the Russian Empire and starting a process of cultural Russification in Finland

The style and subject of artworks such as Isto’s Attack were being challenged by a new group of European artists who argued

that modern art should move beyond the representational and toward the abstract

The painter was most likely inspired by

Romanticism, which used strong emotions to foster a sense of shared local or national group identity

Imperial reform efforts in nineteenth-century Russia had the unintended effect of

giving rise to radical revolutionary movements, which led to the Russian Revolution of 1905

The use of gendered symbols such as the one seen in Isto’s painting is the

Bourgeois norms portrayed women as vulnerable and in need of men’s protection

Artistic movements in late-nineteenth century Europe are best characterized by

an increased emphasis on personal expression

Caspar David Friedrich's painting The Wanderer Above the Mists typifies

Romantic contemplation of nature.

Claude Monet is associated with

the beginnings of the artistic movement known as Impressionism

The Romantic writers extolled, often in an exaggerated form, the

expression of human emotion and the search for the realization of one’s own identity

Describe one piece of evidence that would support the author’s characterization of Russia’s political culture prior to the Bolshevik Revolution

Before the Bolshevik Revolution, Russia had a system where the Tsar held immense power, and the Russian people had limited roles in the political process. This lack of experience with democratic institutions and mechanisms made it difficult for them to transition to a democratic government.

Describe one piece of evidence that would support the author’s interpretation of Russia's “new autocracy” in the 1920s and 1930s.

Totalitarian control: The Bolsheviks, after seizing power, established a one-party dictatorship. This new regime used a totalitarian system to control all aspects of society, including politics, economy, and culture. This created a new form of autocracy that resembled the old in its control but had new methods of implementing it.

Describe one piece of evidence that would undermine the author’s argument in the passage that the “new autocracy” in Russia resembled the old.

Ideological differences: The Tsarist regime was based on traditional autocratic principles, while the Bolshevik regime was founded on Marxist ideology and socialist ideals. While both systems were autocratic, the Bolsheviks implemented a new set of ideologies and methods of control, making them different from the Tsarist regime

Describe one cause of the international situation depicted in the cartoon

Economic reparations demanded of Germany by the Versailles Treaty as a result of the Allied declaration of Germany’s “guilt” in World War I

Explain one effect of the international situation depicted in the cartoon

Ongoing hostility and mistrust in European international relations contributing to the rise of nationalism, Hitler and Nazism, and ultimately to the outbreak of the World War II

Explain the cartoonist’s perspective on the international situation depicted in the cartoon

The recent experience of war with Germany led British people like the cartoonist to be hostile to

Germany and suspicious of its motives in the postwar period