HIST 2310 Final Exam TTU

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Cortina's War

In 1859, Juan Cortina and 60 followers attacked white-owned stores in South Texas and killed 4 Anglos (who had killed several Mexicans and weren't punished by the law). The war is representative of the conflicts between the new Anglo settlers and the people who had traditionally held the land, the Mexicanos.

Texas Troubles

A series of fires in Texas that were blamed on northern unionist

Andrew Jackson

President when Lincoln dies. Democrat from T when everyone else in congress is R. Has not faith in Johnson. Lincoln wanted to start presidential reconstruction plan based on healing and reunification. Unique because he was a Unionist. Congress wants justice and punishment.

Presidential Reconstruction

Andrew Johnson attempted to carry out Lincoln's plan for the political Reconstruction of the 11 former states of the Confederacy. BASED OFF OF HEALING AND REUNIFICATION.

Congressional Reconstruction

A process led by the Radical Republicans that led to the usage of military force to protect blacks' rights. WANTED JUSTICE AND PUNISHMENT. Not popular amonst Texans.

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

Set up to help freedmen and white refugees after Civil War. Provided food, clothing, medical care, and education. First to establish schools for blacks to learn to read as thousands of teachers from the north came south to help. Lasted from 1865-72. Attacked by KKK and other southerners as "carpetbaggers" Encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations, urged freed Blacks to gain employment, kept an eye on contracts between labor and management, etc

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

Constitution of 1876

written in reaction to Davis's administration, this constitution stripped the governor and legislature of certain powers and set aside land grants for education

Salt Creek Massacre

an 1871 raid by American Indians on a wagon train driven by Anglos through the Salt Creek Prairie that led to fierce retaliation by the U.S. military against Texas Indians

Red River War

was a short military campaign launched by the United States Army in 1874 to remove the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Native American tribes from the Southern Plains and forcibly relocate them to reservations in Indian Territory.

Ranald Mackenzie

US Officer who came to fight in the Frontier Wars. He defeated American Indians at the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon

Buffalo Bill Cody

most popular of the Wild-West shows; the troupe included Indians, live buffalo, and marksmen

Texas Populism

MC about Texas Populism. What caused it. What problems were farmers facing. Responses farmers created. Idea of COOP, advocating for govt ownership of railroad ownership and banks. Socialism- govt ownership of industries. Govt regulated. No private railroad coop. that way farmers have fair share of shipping costs and fun stuff like that. Problems and solutions that farmers had.

James Stephen Hogg

Major Populist that felt the need to protect the

common man from giant corporations (trust). Elected as the first mayor that was

actually born in Texas this man would help regulate railroads and increase funding

for Texas public schools and colleges.

XIT Ranch

NORTH RANCH. Helped finance the state capital building

King Ranch

RANCH IN DEEP SOUTH

Permanent University Fund

The Texas Constitution of 1876 set aside land in the western part of Texas that would contribute funds to the University of Texas and Texas A&M University

Galveston Hurricane of 1900

the worst natural disaster in US history. Caused many Galveston industries to move inward to Houston.

Texas Progressivism

a movement that aimed at improving middle class life, particularly in urban areas. Took little interest in minority issues but believed in prohibition and women's rights. know impulses of progressivism. What caused it, how was it resolved. Effecianey, modern science, expertise. TX progressivism boost in reaction to Galveston hurricane of 1900. Forced TXans to come to grips with the fact that they have a massive disaster and everyone will die is we don't come together and get a big government together to >>> city manager, councilers, appointed officials. Background spirit of reform and how TXans applied principles. Created bigger better organized government.

Prohibition

the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment

Woman Suffrage Movement

*Organized in mid 19th century to gain right to vote for women

*First success: Wyoming Territory grants right to vote to women

*Final success: Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 which granted woman suffrage throughout the U.S.

Minnie Fisher Cunningham

First executive secretary of League of Women Voters. Suffrage politician. First Texan women to run for the Texas Senate. Star in National Democrat Party. Tried to get Gov. Jim Ferguson impeached

Annie Webb Blanton

**FIRST WOMAN TO BE ELECTED TO PUBLIC OFFICE IN STATE OF TX** Elected superintendent of public instruction for Texas. Worked continuously to improve Texas schools. Organized the Better Schools Campaign to influence voters to give schools more money. Later became a professor at the University of Texas. Founded Delta Kappa Gamma.

Spindletop

A major oil discovery in 1901 near Beaumont that began the industrialization of Texas.

Ku Klux Klan

founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American

Crash of 1929

plunge in stock market prices that started the Great Depression

Civillian Conservation Corps (CCC)

provided jobs for young men to plant trees, build bridges and parks, and set up flood control projects. "Tree army". Public work

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Paid farmers not to grow certain cops

Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

loaned money to extend electricity to rural areas

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

WORKED ON LOCAL PROJECTS. employed young men and women to build hospitals, schools, parks, and airports; employed artists, writers, and musicians. SA RIVER WALK

John Nance Garner

Was a Democrat who served as Speaker of the House of Representatives who initially ran for the Democratic nomination for President in 1932 before joining FDR'S ticket ad his vice president candidate.

Morris Sheppard

Dem; Representative (1902-13), later Senator (1913-41); Likes progressive reform legislation (rural credit programs, child labor laws, anti-trust laws); Likes prohibition and Women's suffrage. Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Protection Act of 1921; Provided federal funds

Jesse H. Jones

Was the head of Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) which disbursed ten billion dollars to banks, agriculture, railroads, and public works.

Sam Rayburn

1882-1961; Born in Tennessee but grew up in Bonham, TX. A lifelong Democrat who served as a Texas legislator, a U.S. Congressman, and longtime Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives for 24 years. Known for being able to maneuver legislation through Congress and earned respect from Democrats and Republicans for his abilities at effective compromise. He also chaired the Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee and promoted FDR's New Deal legislation. He served until his death in 1961.

Lydon B. Johnson

1963, Kennedy's VP who took office upon his assassination, Great Society

Hatton W. Sumners

Democratic prosecuting attorney for Dallas County. Responsible for bringing charges against gamblers in an attempt to clean up Dallas.

Marvin Jones

Martin Dies

Anti- Communist democrat. Starts HUAC. Convinced that anyone who supported FDR and New Deal were communists.

Pantex

Nuclear weapon storage facility. Disassembly and assembly plant. Amarillo. Established 1942. Correlated to Manhattan project. Military industrial complex coming out of US. It's jobs, college graduates, research oriented.

Bracero Program

Plan that brought laborers from Mexico to work on American farms. Ag related jobs were less attractive to whites now because they are moving into cities to work with these corporate jobs.

Smith v. Allwright (1944)

A supreme court case in 1944 that ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries. Outlawed white primary. Declares democratic party to be "private organization" and we can choose who gets to vote in our party's organization. Only white can come to polls and primary, they can come to general election but nothing else. 1944- ruled practice to be unconstitutional.

Sweatt v. Painter (1950)

a U.S. Supreme Court case that successfully challenged the "separate but equal" doctrine of racial segregation established by the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson. The case involved a black man, Heman Marion Sweatt, who was refused admission to the University of Texas School of Law on the grounds that the Texas State Constitution prohibited integrated education. At the time, no law school in Texas would admit blacks., Segregated law school in Texas was held to be an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment. Gave AA the opportunity to have "equal"ish law school education

Hernandez v. Texas (1954)

A 1954 Supreme Court decision that extended protection against discrimination to Hispanics. Allowed for a more represented jury. Tejano movement. Not become more white but becoming their own ethnicity.

Mansfield High School desegregation crisis 1956

denied desegregation hung three black people. Gov. Allan Shivers sent the Texas Rangers to support the hanging so Pres. Eisenhower sent the National Guard to stop it all. **Group of African Americans try to enter high school. White students and parents create barricade around school so that they cannot enter. Texas Law enforcement tells students to go away to protect community.

Allan Shivers

Governor of TX during the time of the Mansfield High School barricade. Rather than try to enforce the supreme court decision of 1954, he supports the law enforcement to turn African American students away because he is about too run again and needs support from conservatives.

Barbara Jordan

first African-American woman from a southern state to serve in Congress when she was elected to the House of Representatives in 1973.

Hector P. Garcia

founded the American GI Forum to help minority veterans obtain the same benefits other veterans received

Henry Gonzalez

First Tejano in state legislature; served until 1999; died in 2000 (very liberal)

Jose Angel Gutierrez

founded the Mexican Youth Organization and a new political party called "La Raza Unida"

John Tower (1961)

First Texas Republican to win seat in sentae since Reconstruction. Bigger deal for him winning than Beto winning because it had been 100 years since a Republican had won. *COuld say he was the Father of the Modern Texas Republican Party.* 1961

Bill Clements

In 1978, Clements won an upset victory to become Texas' first Republican governor since Reconstruction.

John Connally

Texas Govenor shot with JFK but survived. ***1972- was still Democrat, when Richard Nixon ran for reelection. Connally ran a campaign/ wing called Democrats for Nixon. Ally in democratic party for Nixon. Nixon wins and then Connally follows and becomes first most prominent Texas Democrat to say he was leaving the Republican party to go to Democrat party. More people follow his lead.

George H. W. Bush (1924-)

Forty-first president of the United States, 1989-1993. A former congressman diplomat, businessman, Republican party chairman, and director the CIA, Bush served for eight years as Reagan's vice president before being elected president in 1988. *Wins seat to congress in Houston. Future Vp and P*

Network

reflective of sense of Americas best days are behind it. Populist anger. Get past corruption and lies. Don't trust government. Take populist anger and put smile on it. "I'm mad as hell and I'm not going to take it anymore"

General Dynamics

Bell Helicopter

Texas Instruments

General Motors

All big business, corporate enterprises that came to DFW metroplex and makes DFW the nation's largest metropolian center. Plans, tanks, guns, better cars/ automobiles. Holy trinity of economy before WW2 was oil, cotton and cattle. (Ship it out of state and then other states turn it into whatever from that). After WW2 we textile manufacture to turn into whatever WE want. No more shipping. Shows diversifying economy.

Ross Perot

American businessman who ran as an independent candidate for US president in 1992 and 1996. Founded Electronic Data Systems (EDS). Sold Company to General Motors for $2.5 billion worth of special issue stock and a seat on GM's board of directors.

H. R. "Bum" Bright

savings and loans investor on oil. Bankrupt in 80s because of boom/ bust cycle. US vs TX economy. Texas eco is good in 70s because of oil, US was not good in 70s also because of oil. Texas was an exporter, jacked up prices on oil and become really rich. Sold Dallas Cowboys to Jerry Jones and went bankrupt.

Jerry Jones

Bought Dallas Cowboys from Bum Bright

Ed Whitacre

Tech alum. Former CEO of CM, Southwestern Bell, and AT&T. Economic diversity in telecommunications.

Texas "pop culture"

A. Law and order

• The Lone Ranger, Lonesome Dove, Walker TX Ranger, No Country for Old Men, George W. Bush (post 9/11) - "Ranger" in charge of country

B. "Don't Mess with TX"

C. "Outlaw" Country music

D. Urban Cowboy

E. Rhinestone Cowboys - Billy Bobs

F. Football - Dallas Cowboys (America's Team), Friday Night Lights, Varsity Blues

G. The "Evil Oil Tycoon"

• Dallas, Oliver Stone -JFK, Nixon

• "Rich Texan" - The Simpsons

H. Toyota, Chevy, Ford, Budweiser, DQ, Roadhouse

• None established in TX, but TX took it over

prehistoric settlement

A. 18,000 - 20,000 years ago

• migration from Siberia

B. 12,000 years ago

• "Paleoindians"

• established roots in present-day TX - "The First TXans"

1. fully evolved homo-sapiens/ critical thinking skills

2. fire, clothing, weapons

C. "Llano Culture"

• settlement in high plains

D. Texas' first industry in Flint Quarries

• Production, transportation, distribution

E. WTX CLIMATE

• Cooler summers, warmer winters, 2x rainfall, lots of vegetation

1. Plentiful wild game = abundant population (East TX sparse population)

2. Shift in 6000BC and 5000BC: hotter summers, colder winters, less rain

a. Less game, reduced population = nomadic cultures, more vegetation in diet

F. Hunter-Gatherers

• Limited use of agriculture

• Skilled pottery making

• Textile manufacturing

• Domestication of space/ awareness of hygiene

• Spiritual connections

Caddo Indians

A. "Romans of TX"

B. EAST TX

C. 1st to rely heavily on agriculture

• corns, beans, pumpkins, squash, sunflowers

• plows

• pottery

D. Advanced SOCIAL culture

• Clear familial/ class lines

• Bow and arrow

• Art, fashion

E. MONOTHEISM

F. Politics

• Community councils

• Elected war chief

G. Commercial TRADE

• Long distance contact w/ other tribes

• Agricultural surplus

H. DISEASE IN 1500 AD KILLS 90% OF POPULATION

I. Created state motto "friendship" from their word "Techas"

Cabeza de Vaca- Spanish bro

A. A part of the Narvaez Expedition where Narvaez wanted to settle colony in Flordia but couldn't because of bad weather, mass desertions, and hostile Indians. Narvaex decides to split expedition. He sails the first group but drowns. Cabeza de Vaca leads the second group.

• 1528

1. Ship wrecks west of Galveston

2. First Europeans on TX soil

• 1529-1536

1. only 15/250 survive. Survivors resort to cannibalism

2. Go from Gulf Coast to Rio Grande to El Paso ON FOOT

• 1536

1. reaches MX City

2. claims evidence for seven cities of Cibola

B. SIGNIFICANCE:

• Made some shitty expedition into something historical. He was able to survive those 8 years to go back to Spain to tell his story and write "La Relacion". FIRST EUROPEANS ON TX SOIL

René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle- FIRST FRENCHMAN TO BE IN TX

A. Sent by King Louis 14th to travel south from Canada and sail down the MS river and to the Gulf of MX. First European to travel the length of the MS River.

B. Sailed New World again in 1684 with fourss hips intending to start a colony in the Mississippi River Valley

• King wanted him to travel to the rio grande to take over Spanish mines but la salle lied and mistakenly landed in Matagorda Bay (Houston now)

• Random guys shot La Salle with a musketeer and crew made fun of him as he died. Left body in TX for animals to eat. Rest of crew left and was killed by Karankawas.

Moses Austin

A. In 1798 he moved into the Spanish territory of Louisiana and founded the first Angle settlement west of the MS River.

B. Found himself in debt because early American republic was unstable

C. Developed plan to establish an American colony in Spanish TX

D. Travelled to SA to see Bastrop>>>convinced Spanish governor (Itrubide to approve Austin's Plan

E. Contracted pneumonia on his return to Missouri but was bale to tell son Stephen F. Austin to finish plan.

"Old Three Hundred"

A. Stephen F. Austin replaces Moses Austin. He settles 300 families from Louisiana and settles to TX. Original settlement of TX. Had to convert to Catholicism and pledge loyalty to Spain and later on MX. Mission was to explore and establish fur trade routes along river. Named MS basin Louisiana and claimed for France.

presidios

A. A Spanish military outpost that was created to protect the lands and Spanish people from Native American attacks. PROTECTED A MISSION. Helped control NA in the missions.

missions

A. A settlement set up in Indian territory to convert Indians to Christianity. Also to transform Native Americans into loyal Spanish Subjects

Mission San Francisco de los Tejas

A. 1st Spanish mission in TX because of La Salle. Abandoned because of drought (crop failure) and disease. But it strengthened Spain's claim to TX, realization that a successful colony needed families to settle the land

Mission San Antonio de Valero

A. Purpose was to convert the local American Indians to Christianity. Claim territory and set up trade between missions and New Spain. Also reduced the need for trade with the French. Later known as the Alamo.

Presidio San Antonio de Béxar

A. Protected Mission San Antonio de Valero.

San Felipe de Austin

A. Stephen F. Austin founded San Felipe de Austin as the capital city of his colony.

French & Indian War

A. 1754-63

B. Great Britain (winners) vs. France+Huron Indians

C. Began because both claimed the Ohio River Valley

D. Significance: Established England as number 1 world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse

E. Battle of Quebec: major turning point in F and I war. Surprise attack at night

F. Treaty of Paris: Treaty between Britain, France, and Spain which ended the F and I war.

• France lost Canada, the land east of MS, some Caribbean islands and India to Britain.

• France also gave New Orleans and the land west of the MS to Spain to compensate for ceding Florida to the British

Louisiana Territory

A. Louis and Clarke scoped it out. Agreement between the French and US to give the Louisiana Territory, including the Port of New Orleans, to the US for $15 million.

B. The US wished to gain the territory because of the economic advantage of the MS River and port of New Orleans and also because of Manifest Destiny. The French were willing to give up the territory because they needed money for costly wars in Europe

Seminole War

A. 1818-19. Seminoles were the tribe that owned Florida. American's disliked them because they gave refuge to escaped slaves.

B. Andrew Jackson led American soldiers to fight Seminoles. In 1819 Spain the US, Florida. Jackson ordered Seminoles to leave but they refused.

Adams-Onis Treaty

A. US receives FL

B. US abandons claims in TX

C. Clarifies boundaries of LA territory

"Grito de Dolores"

A. Speech given by Father Miguel Hidalgo that was credited for the beginning the MX revolution.

B. "Cry for GOOD GOVERNMENT"

Agustín de Iturbide

A. Named emperor when Moses Austin is awaiting his hearing

B. Decides TX settlement is critical to security of Northern Border

C. Supports Austin's colony

D. Imperial colonization law of 1823 officially funds Austin to colonize TX

E. Conditions:

• All societies must convert to Catholicism

• Slavery minimally restricted

• Children freed at 14

F. March 1823- he's overthrown

G. Imperial colonization law voided

Stephen F. Austin

A. "Father of TX"

B. led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families (The Old Three hundred) from New Orleans to TX

Empresario

A. "Land agent" whose job it was to bring in new settlers to an area

Constitution of 1824

A. Came after Iturbide was overthrown. Mexico's first constitution. Transformed MX into a federal republic, governed by national president, congress, and supreme court, but with lots of power given to the states.

"Muldoon Catholics"

A. dishonest converts who only wanted to obtain land

Law of April 6, 1830

A. Prohibited immigration from US

B. Cancels all pending empersario contracts

C. Encouraged MX migration to TX

D. Called for military occupation in TX

E. Higher taxes on imports/exports

F. Outlawed all forms of slavery in MX

G. Austin negotiates exemption for TX only

Santa Anna

A. General that seized power of MX as a dictator. Led attack on the Alamo. Later defeated by Sam Houston at San Jacinto.

"Come and Take It"

A. Battle of Gonzales, Texans decorated front of a cannon with flag that had "Come and Take IT"

Battle of Gonzalez

A. Began because MX tried to take TX cannon.

B. TXs shot cannon. MX army retreats

C. Significant: TX victory, beginning of TX rebellion against MX government. Rush of TX volunteers. Sense of patriotism

Battle of Mission Concepcion

A. Significance: Texas victory. Boosted the confidence of the TX army

B. MX attacks but they retreated back to SA

C. Still uncertainty of goals of TXs. Independence? 1824?

Battle of the Alamo

A. 1836 attack on the Alamo mission in SA by MX forces during the TX revolution. Mexicans greatly outnumbered the TXns.

B. Mexico won. Greatly outnumbered TXns.

C. Impact:

D. Stirs notion of independence

E. Motivation, "battle cry"

F. New volunteers flood in

G. Romantic support from US

H. Weakened MX arm- caused 600+ causalities

I. Inspired men to fight harder next time. Gave TX pride

Texas Independence Day

A. March 2, 1836-committee presented and the delegates approved the Declaration of Independence

B. Declaration and constitution based on US

C. Limited government

D. Guaranteed right to slavery

Treaties of Velasco

A. 2 documents signed at Velasco following aftermath of San Jacinto

B. May 14, 1836

C. Santa Anna (MX) and TX

• Cease fire

• MX troops withdraw south of Rio Grande

• Santa Anna recognizes Rio Grande as southern boarder

D. Peace treaty

Sam Houston

A. General chosen by government to lead the TX army. He trained the TX fighters and defeated and captured Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto.

B. Calm, patient, needed to be annexed state to US

Mirabeau B. Lamar

A. Elected as the second President of the Republic of TX after Sam Houston

B. Aggressive, rude

C. Need to be its own republic of TX

annexation

A. Democrats- "we want TX"

B. Whigs- "we don't want another slave state"

C. Houston manipulates to get TX to be a part of US

D. Election of 1844, Polk (D) wins, but before he can get into office on March 4th, Tyler (previous pres. WHIG) pushed for annexation even though he was a Whig

E. Jan. 1845- US congress approves annexation