AP Bio Unit 1

Ionic bonding

Transfer of electrons

Covalent bonding

Between non-metals, which cannot lose electrons.

Metals have a tendency to _____ electrons, which is why ionic bonds form

Lose

Amount of electrons per ring

2, 8, 8

H2O is a ______ bond

Covalent

Oxygen is _______ electronegative than Hydrogen, causing it to become partially negative.

More

In an H2O molecule, oxygen is ____ and hydrogen is ______ (charges)

Negative, positive

The difference in charges of an H2O molecule makes water _____

Polar

Polar = _______ sharing of electrons

Unequal

Hydrogen bonds are created because of the ________

Difference in charge of hydrogen and oxygen

Water has a ______ ______ tension because of cohesion, because of hydrogen bonds, because water is polar, because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen.

High surface

Cohesion

Attraction between 2 like molecules (water)

Adhesion

Attraction between 2 different molecules

Water adheres to other _______ molecules (all caps)

POLAR

LIKE ______ LIKE

Dissolved/attracts to

Polar substances will dissolve in ___ substances, while nonpolar substances will dissolve in ______ substances.

Polar, nonpolar

Capillary action

Movement of water against gravity in narrow spaces

Through ______, stoma (pores of plants) lose water, creating a negative pressure, causing the water molecules to move up/to the stoma

Transpiration

Cohesion and adhesion _____ cause capillary action

Together

Water is _____ dense as a solid (ice) than as a liquid

Less

Ice ______ in water

Floats

Hydrogen bonds in solid water (ice) are more ______ compared to the hydrogen bonds in liquid water.

Stable

Pond for example: as ____ freezes, the less dense ice floats up to the surface. Ice is a bad conductor of heat, so under the layer of ice on the surface, the heat of the pond is able to maintain itself. 

Water

Water has a ______ heat capacity, allowing it to prevent the heat of the air to increase rapidly.

High

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NaCl are held together by ionic bonds, so when they break apart they are _____ (charged). This allows water to dissolve them, as the negative oxygen molecules are attracted to the positive Na, while the positive hydrogen molecules are attracted to the negative Cl. 

Ions

The 4 macromolecules

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Ratio of CHO in carbohydrates

CH2O

Structure of lipids (what elements make them up)

CHO

Structure of proteins (elements that make them up)

CHONS

Structure of nucleic acids (elements that make them up)

CHONP

Lipids ___ polymers. (CARBS, PROTEINS, + NUCLEIC ACIDS ARE)

Are not

Dehydration synthesis

Monomers are put together to form a polymer by TAKING OUT a water molecule →replacing it with a covalent bond.

Hydrolysis

Polymers are broken down to monomers through the addition of a water molecule

Carbohydrates are involved with short-term _____ storage

Energy

Simple carbohydrates (Monosaccharides)

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Simple carbohydrates (disaccharides)

Lactose, maltose, sucrose

Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)

Starch, cellulose, glycogen

Monomer for all 3 complex carbs is _____

Glucose

Cellulose + starch are found in _____ cells

Plant

Glycogen is found in ______ cells

Animal

Starch is a ______ polysaccharide

Storage

Starch is to plant cells what _____ is to animal cells

Glycogen

Cellulose is a ____ polysaccharide, that forms the cell ____ of plant cells

Structural, wall

The way individual glucose molecules are bonded to each other, and the way they branch out gives the molecules different ______. 

Functions

Lipids are hydro____, because they are NONPOLAR (electrons are distributed equally)

Phobic

Monomers of DNA and RNA (nucleic acids) are ____

Nucleotides

3 parts of a nucleotide

1. Phosphate group
2. 5-Carbon sugar
3. Nitrogenous base

2 base pairs of DNA

Adenine - Thymine

Guanine - Cytosine

Base pairs are held together by ______ bonds

AT has 2, while GC has 3

Hydrogen

\# of base pairs measures the _____ of DNA

Length

Adenine and Guanine are ____, so they have a _____ ring

Purines, double

Thymine and Cytosine are _____, so they have a ______ ring

Pyrimadine, single

Carbon # _ is the connection point of the bond with phosphate group

3

The covalent bond between phosphate group and carbon #3 is called

Phosphodiester bond

Phosphodiester bonds are formed by __________ _________

Dehydration synthesis

DNA top and bottom are determined by the # of Carbon that is exposed, either __ or __

3’, 5’

DNA strands run ____________, the nucleotides are upside down on one side, and rightsideup on the other

Antiparellel

RNA is ____-stranded

Single

Base pairs of RNA

Adenine - Uracil

Guanine - Cytosine

RNA is ___ sugar while DNA is ______ ribose sugar

Ribos, deoxy

Cells are constanly forming proteins for survival, in processes called

Protein synthesis

Ribose sugar

Deoxyribose sugar

Monomer of proteins

Amino acid

Structure of amino acid

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5 parts of amino acid

1. Amino group (NH2)
2. Central Carbon
3. Hydrogen atom
4. Side chain (R)
5. Carboxyl group (COOH)

____ bonds link amino acids

Peptide

Polypeptides

Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

What differentiates the 20 amino acids

Side chain/ R group

In a very long polypeptide, the LEFT side would be called the _- terminal (amino group)

N

In a very long polypeptide, the RIGHT side would be called the _-terminal (carboxyl group)

C

The amino group, central carbon, and carboxyl group are the _______ of a polypeptide

Backbone

Proteins need a specific ______ to be functional (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary) 

Structure

Polypeptides are not _______ unless they are put into a structure

Proteins

Primary strucuture

Specific sequence of amino acids for a particular protein. Held by covalent (peptide) bonds

Secondary structure

Alpha helices (helix) and beta sheets are formed by hydrogen bonding. The backbone fold into these structures with and hydrogen bonds between the carboxylic and amino group of the polypeptide backbone.

Tertiary structure

The R groups are attracted to each other, causing __ionic__ bonds, changing the structure of the protein. This level causes the protein to form a 3-D shape.

Ionic bond between ________

(Tertiary structure)

R groups

Hydrogen bonds between ______

(Tertiary structure)

Side groups of backbone

Disulfide linkage is ______

(Tertiary structure)

Between Sulfurs

Quaternary structure

Proteins consisting of multiple polypeptide chains

3 common forms of lipids in the human body

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol

The body stores fats as ___

Triglycerides

Fatty acids are composed of …

Carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chains

4 parts of triglyceride

Glycerol & 3 fatty acid chains

Unsaturated fats are ____, due to a double bond between Carbons

Bent

Saturated fats are ______ (structure)

Straight

The head of phospholipids (________ group) are polar

Phosphate

UNsaturated fats are ______ at room temperature, while saturated are _______ at room temperature.

Liquid, solid

Unsaturated fats are commonly produced by____

Plants (olive oil)

Saturated fats are commonly produced by ______

Animals (butter, lard)

Function of lipids

Energy storage, and protection of organs/insulation

Structure of phospholipids

Phospholipids are made up of …

Polar phosphate group head

Nonpolar fatty acid tail

Phospholipids are found in the …

Cell membrane

Direction of phospholipids

The polar head faces the extracellular (and intracellular) environment, while the nonpolar tails face inward, inbetween the 2 heads

In ionic bonds, electrons are ______

Transferred

The polarity of the R group becomes the foundation of how to differentiate the amino acids into 3 different groups…

Nonpolar

Polar

Ionic (basic and acidic)

Nonpolar groups of amino acids have _____ charge

No

Polar groups of amino acids have ______ charge

Slight