Lecture 4 nucleic acids and proteins

nucleic acids

Polymers of nucleotides which are specialized for storage, transmission, and use of genetic material, DNA and RNA

nucleotides

The monomers of nucleic acids

pentose sugar + N-containing base + phosphate group

structure of nucleotide

pentose sugar + N-containing base

structure of nucleoside

C, T, U

What are the pyrimidine bases?

A, G

what are the purine bases

Pyrimides

single rings, longer name -smaller structure

purines

double rings, smaller name-bigger structure

H

DNA contains deoxyribose, double stranded

OH

RNA contains ribose, single stranded

5' to 3' direction

Which direction do nucleic acids grow?

Pyrophosphate.

What is released when the phosphate group is divided from a sugar-phosphate backbone?

oligonucleotides

A nucleic acid strand made of fewer than 20 monomers.

polynucleotides

A nucleic acid strand consisting of more than 20 nucleotides.

They are polynucleotides

Are RNA and DNA polynucleotides or oligonucleotides?

hydrogen bonds

What holds the two strands of DNA together? ____ between base pairs

antiparallel; opposite.

The two DNA strands are _________: they run in _________ directions, with their 5' ends at opposide ends of the molecule.

Sugar-phosphate groups

What is the base of the ladder in the double helix?

folds back on itself, stem loops

Is RNA exclusively single stranded?

transcription

information encoded in DNA base sequences is used to synthesize RNA

Translation

information in RNA base sequences is used to synthesize proteins

genome

A complete set of DNA in a living organism.

gene

DNA sequences that encode specific proteins and are transcribed into RNA.

amino acids

proteins and polymers are made up of _____

amino and carboxyl group

What are the functional groups of all amino acids?

R group (side chain)

What differs in each amino acid?

Lysine (Lys/K), arginine (Arg/R), and histidine (His/H).

What are the basic/positive amino acids?

Lys/K

Lysine

Arg/R

arginine

his/H

histidine

Aspartic acid (Asp/D), glutamic acid (Glu/E)

What are the acidic/negative amino acids?

Asp/D

Aspartic acid

Glu/E

glutamic acid

Serine (Ser/S), Threonine (Thr/T), Asparagine (Asn/N), Glutamine (Gln/Q), Tyrosine (Tyr/Y)

What are the polar + hydrophilic amino acids?

Ser/S

Serine

Thr/T

Threonine

Asn/N

Asparagine

Gln/Q

glutamine

Tyr/Y

Tyrosine

Cysteine (Cys/C), Glycine (Gly/G), Proline (Pro/P)

What are the special case amino acids? can’t be in an alpha helix

Cys/C

Cysteine

Gly/G

Glycine

Pro/P

Proline

Alanine (Ala/A), Valine (Val/V), Leucine (Leu/L), Isoleucine (Ile/I), Phenylalanine (Phe/F), Tryptophan (Trp/W), Methionine (Met/M)

What are the nonpolar hydrophobic amino acids?

oligopeptides

Short polymers of 20 or fewer amino acids, usually in the form of hormones or signaling molecules.

polypeptides

Long strands of amino acids; Proteins are made up of one or more _____

condensation; peptide

Amino acids are linked in __________ reactions to form __________ bonds.

polymerization

Many small molecules, called monomers, combine to form a polymer

amino to carboxyl

Polymerization takes place in the ______ to _______ direction.