Organic Chemistry Functional Groups and Nomenclature

Vocabulary flashcards covering functional group classifications, structures, prefixes (substituents), and suffixes (parents) based on the lecture notes.

Functional Group (FG)

A group of atoms with predictable chemical behavior.

R Group

Represents the rest of the molecule, which is often a hydrocarbon, but not always.

Substituent

A group attached to the main/parent structure of a molecule, designated using a prefix.

Parent Structure

The main structure of the molecule being named, designated using a suffix.

Carbonyl

A functional group component characterized by a double-bonded oxygen.

Alkane

A classification with functional group structure

Alkene

A classification containing a carbon-carbon double bond, substituent prefix alkenyl, and parent suffix -ene.

Alkyne

A classification containing a carbon-carbon triple bond

Amine

A functional group with nitrogen bonded to 3 atoms

Alcohol

A functional group with oxygen bonded to an R group and a hydrogen substituent prefix hydroxy, and parent suffix -ol.

Thiol

A sulfur analog to alcohol where sulfur replaces oxygen

Ketone

A carbonyl compound bounded by two R groups, substituent prefix oxo-, and parent suffix -one.

Aldehyde

A carbonyl compound bounded by an R group and hydrogen, substituent prefix Formyl-, and parent suffix -al.

Amide

A carbonyl compound bonded to an $NR_2$ group

Acyl Halide

A carbonyl compound bonded to a halogen ($X = F, Cl, Br, I$)

Ester

A compound with formula where the R group attached to O must be a hydrocarbon

Carboxylic Acid

A carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group substituent prefix Carboxy-, and parent suffix -oic acid.

Anhydride

A compound containing two acyl groups linked by oxygen

Ether

A compound with an oxygen atom bonded to two R groups substituent prefix alkoxy, and parent suffix

Sulfide

A sulfur analog of ether, substituent prefix methylthio, and parent suffix …

Aromatic (arene)

A cyclic aromatic compound such as Benzene, substituent prefix phenyl-, and parent suffix benzene.

Alkyl Halide

A molecule consisting of an R group bonded to a halogen ($R-X$ where $X = F, Cl, Br, I$), substituent prefix halo-, and parent suffix -ide.

Acyl Group

A functional group with the general formula R–C(=O)–

Alkyl Group (not real fg)

A carbon chain/group attached to the rest of a molecule. Often represented by R.

• –CH₃ → methyl

• –CH₂CH₃ → ethyl

• –CH₂CH₂CH₃ → propyl