Midterm Onward

James I Becomes King

Who: leader during the reconquest, known for capturing Valencia

Time: 1213

Location: Aragon

Significance: He’s known for expanding Aragonese territory, conquering Valencia during the Reconquista, and strengthening royal authority

Death of James I

What: The king of Aragon and Catalonia is dead

Time:1276

Location: Valencia

Significance: He divided the kingdom for his sons. His reign, though, showed its distinctive political organization(oaths between the king and counts) with institutionalized checks on royal authority(the cortes) that didn’t exist before

Sicilian Vespers

What: Rebellion against the french rule of Sicily

Time: 1282

Location: France

Significance: It was a fight for control between the French pope and the Aragonese king, securing Aragon’s position in the Mediterranean and rejecting the pope’s interjection of politics. The crusade loses to the friendly Peter the 3rd

Crusade Against Aragon

What: Crusade ordered by the French pope against Peter the 3rd when he intervened in Sicilian territory

Time: 1284

Location: Sicily

Significance: The pope wanted a French ruler and so tried to intervene in politics by ordering a crusade.

The crusade highlighted the rivalry between France and Aragon for influence in the Mediterranean, leading to the division of Sicily and paving the way for Aragonese expansion.

Usages of Barcelona

What: Sum of customs and laws in Barcelona

Time: 11th -13th century

Location: Barcelona, Catalonia

Significance: It set the rights of Vassals over everyone else, including the right to mistreat peasants. It gave them rights at the expense of the kings power but also set a uniform law for everyone to follow

Llibre dels Feyts

What: Autobiography of james the first of Aragon

Time: 1213-1276

Location: Aragon

Significance: James wanted people to know of his deeds and so wrote a book, allowing us to see his perspective of current events, its the first autobiography of a Christian king, depicting his conquest of Valencia and Majorca

Evil Customs

What: 3 customs nobles used in Aragon

Time: 11th-13th century

Location: Aragon

Significance: It gave nobles the right to mistreat peasants without repercussion, a custom that fueled the rebellion among peasants later

Community of the Realm

What: Idea that rulers rule with the realm rather than over it because the kingdom belong to the king but also the nobility

Time:11th-13th century

Location: Aragon and Castile

Significance: Kings has real limits on their power now. They would face revolts in Castile and the cortes in Aragon

Black Death Strikes

What: Plague kills most of the europeon population

Time: mid 1300s

Location: Europe

Significance: Huge death toll doesn’t stop anyone from doing anything. Land is still sought, and people still work, though it changed the numbers in the labor force, everyone cotn=inued their normal lives

Death of Alfonso XI

Who: Ruler of Castile

Time: 1350

Location: Castile

Significance: Alfonso’s effort to reinstall royal authority was overall successful and laid good groundwork for Enrique to reinforce

Civil War Begins

What: Vicil war against Pedro, for Enrique

Time:1366

Location: Castille

Significance: People against Pedro’s rule supported enrique’s efforts,bringing the foreign war into a civil one

Enrique wins at the battle of Montiel

Who: Enrique vs Pedro of Castile

Time:1369

Location: Castille

Significance: Enrique makes final victory over Pedro, killing him after a long war, and sets himself as ruler of Castile, marking the beginning of the trastamara dynasty

Royal Marriage Reunites Two Royal Lines

What: Enrique’s and Pedro’s kids are promised to each other, so their individual claims to power are united in their children

Time: 1388

Location: Castille

Significance: Stability is won as everyone can agree who the legitimate king was, ending the dynastic conflict and strengthening the trastamara dyansty

Leonor de Guzman

Who: Mistress of Alfonso XI

Time: 1310-1351

Location: Castille

Significance: She was Alfonso XI’s heavily favored mistress who was mother of the next ruler of Castile, Enrique. Her murder by Maria sparked more tension in the family

War of the Two Peters

What: The crowns of Castile and Aragon fight for control of castile

Time: 1356-1369

Location: Aragon, Valencia

Significance: This was a war between Aragon and Castile, a broad, drawn out geopolitical war, which Aragon won so the illegitimate son, Henry, took power. The war highlighted the importance of external alliances and shaped the relationship between Castile and Aragon.

Capture of Valencia

What: Valencia was taken by James 1, a major trading and agricultural center

Time: 1238

Location: Taifa state, Valenica, muslim kingdom

Significance: It shifted the balance of power between Muslims and Christians, strengthening Christian influence

Marinids in Morocco

Who: African mercenaries

Time: 1280s

Location: Morroco, Castile

Significance: Marinids were used as backup support for internal discord in the peninsula. Alfonos asks fo rthier help when he’s deposed by Sancho as per this tradition. This changed the internal dispute to a foreign one where external alliances decide who wins

Capture of Seville

What: Siege of city by ferdinand 3 of castile

Time: 1248

Location: Seville, Castile

Significance: Seville was the most important Muslim territory, so by taking it, he weakened Muslim control in the peninsula and secured Christian victory, ending the reconquista

Alfonso X Becomes King

Who: Crown of Castile

Time: 1252

Location: Castile

Significance: He was named the wise. His life and career was important for setting the stage of castile, showing the challenge of ruling a large kingdom(standardizing law, dynastic politics)

Legal Reforms Begin

What: Standardizing of Law by Alfonos X

Time:1256

Location: Castile

Significance: Legal reforms met push back because of customary law that started tension between the people and the king that contributed to the recolt in 1272

Sancho’s Revolt

What: Sancho removing Alfonoso from authority while keeping him in power through the cortes of Valladolid

Time:1282

Location: Castile

Significance: It marks the end of Alfonos’s reign as he flees to Sevile and Sancho becomes king

Alfonso X Dies

Who: Ruler of Castile

Time:1284

Location: Castile

Significance: He was important for standardizing Castilian Spanish by setting official documents in this language and he promoted cultural development. His reign showed pushback to reforms that will follow from then on.

Regencies Era

What: A period where regents rules for the crown because the crown was too young, Maria ruled Austria in place of her son who was too young

Time:1295-1325

Location: Austria

Significance: This period saw the stabilization of the constitutional monarchy, the development of liberal policies, and the emergence of regional and national movements. The Regency ended when Alfonso XIII came of age and took the throne. 

Siete Partidas

What: Code meant to be the universal law of Castilians

Time: 1252-1284

Location: Castile

Significance: This was written by Alfonos X intending to establish a uniform body of rules for the the kingdom that met pushback because of customary law. This was set out in towns and cities as a local rule

Fuero Real

What: ‘rule for all cities;

Time: 1252-1284

Location: Castile

Significance: This was written by Alfonos X intending to establish a uniform body of rules for the the kingdom that met pushback because of customary law

Customary Law

What: Sum of all privaleges that built up over the years

Time: 1250s

Location: castile

Significance: Castillian nobles and peasants didn’t want to give up the rights they were previously enjoying for a uniform law proposed by Alfonos X, they were resistant to this new notion of law

Counsel and Consent

What: idea that wealthy subjects of the king should have the right to council and concent

Time: 1200s

Location: castile, aragon

Significance: This implied that nobles have the right to give or withhold money from the king should have a say in decisions for the kingdom, giving an early insight to the limits of the king’s power

Castilian Civil War

Who: There’s a conflict over the succession of the crown of Castile, between the illegitimate and legitimate brother

Time: 1366-9

Location: Castille

Significance: The war shows the power of the trastamaras and with the combination of external ties, evolves into a larger conflict

Mesta

What: Institution managing the sheep economy. theyre responsible for overseeing their routes, taxing them, and settling disputes with farmers. One had to buy in to be part of the mesta

Time: 1300s

Location: Castile

Significance: This contributed to the fact that having sheep was an elite activity, fostering the development of the wool economy and was important to Castilian economy

Hidalgo

Who: low ranking aristrocrats that are poor relative to the other nobles.

Time: 15th century

Location: Castille

Significance: obtaining vs maintaining aristocratic status. Hidalgos were focused on obtaining the nobility status, favoring the status over wealth, while more powerful nobility like the grandes focused on maintaining it. Regardless,the different factions of nobility all fight over the benefits and wealth that flows from the crown

Urban Oligarchy

What: when a select group holds lots of power over a certain area. This power become hereditary along with wealth, opening th possibility to be more than a merchant

Time: 15th century

Location: castile

Significance: Towns are drawn into the general orbit of nobility as merchants no longer advocate for the town but now try to join the nobility

Social Mobility

What: The ability to increase ones social standing

Time: 14th century

Location: Castile

Significance: Merchants have a real possibility of joining the aristocracy. this ambition leads mean more ppl getting passive income rather than doing their own work, contributing to long-term economic weakness

Salamanca Chartered

What: The official approval by the governemnt for the salamnca university to teach and give degrees

Time: 1228

Location: Castile

Significance: It was the oldest university in Spain. If one got a degree from a university, it was a huge status marker

Thomas Aquinas Dies

Who: Philosopher and monk. he was a scholastic thinker

Time: 1274

Location: Italy

Significance: He was famous for his work where he tried to reconcile Aristotle’s philosophy and Christianity in the “Summa Theologiae”

Ramon Llull Dies

Who: Scholastic thinker

Time: 1315

Location: Aragon

Significance: he was known for his philosophical and theological writing to promote understanding of Christians and Muslims, though failing to convert most Muslims to Christianity. he’s known for his knowledge machine, the ars, which would hopefully convert more arabics to Christianity. His translation of texts was important for Europe to access old texts, bolstering the scholastic movement.

Scholasticism

What: philisophical movment that applied logic to classical philosophy and christianity

Time: 1100-1700

Location: European Universities

Significance: Known for translating old works of Aristotle and reconciling differences in philosophy and Christianity. The translating of old works led to more learning in medicine, theology, and law.

Canon Law

What: Law of the church

Time: 13th century

Location: Catholic Churches

Significance: Raymon codified canon law by looking through collections of past pope’s decisions to make the laws of the church clear

Civil Law

What: Secular law based on Roman law for the general population to obey

Time: 13th century

Location: All europe

Significance: It was the other major type of law besides canon law for ppl to follow. This was a type of law used in court cases, important for standardizing rules

Dominic de Guzman Begins Preaching

Who: Founder of the Order of Friars

Time: 1203

Location: Castille

Significance: He founded a new religious order in response to outside religious challenge from Castille as a form of accommodation to the common people. He combines Christian teachings with simplelifstyle and became one of the first mendicant orders

Dominican Order Established

What: Christian Religious order the mimics the message of Christianity and lives a simple lifestyle that’s common to the general population

Time: 1215

Location: Southern France

Significance: This is an official change in the church where they meet outside, challenging with accommodation. The order is the first mendinistic order and met success in garnering followers for the Christian lifestyle in Castile

Schism Begins

What: Following Gregory XI’s death, a group of French cardinals declared his heir, Urban VI’s election invalid and elected Clement VII (an Italian), who claimed to be the true pope. There are now two popes claiming to be the one true pope

Time: 1378

Location: Rome

Significance: The church is split between two popes who claim the other is fal. The division in papal authority weakens the authority of the church.

Schism End

What: The church is led by a single pope based in Rome at the Council of Constance

Time: 1417

Location: Rome

Significance: The pope is ruling but has much less power than a secular ruler so while papal authority is united again, its much weaker than before. The legal and economic privileges they enjoyed previously are gone. Rulers got more control over church resources and personel

Hersey

What: A different form of religious teacings than what is commonly accepted

Time: 1203

Location: Rome

Significance: The heresy in southern France encouraged religious change by Dominic de Guzman to accommodate the ppl in order to advance Christian teachings from Castile

Memento Mori

What: The Idea that every person has to meet death, regardless of status

Time: 1400s-1600s

Location: Europe

Significance: Put forward as an equalizer among humanity. It’s used to justify the current hierarchy (it doesn’t matter since we’re equal in death) but also encourages the idea of an afterlife in which your actions will have consequences in death.

Ars Moriendi

What: Book teaching dying people how to mentally prepare for death

Time: Early 15th century

Location:

Significance: Example of Interior Piety where religious closeness depends on the soul and conscience, not always on outside display of charity but just personal commitment to Jesus. The book focused on mindset to prepare for upcoming death

Interior Piety

What: idea of personal coomitment and authentic devotion to God, not just that outside charity is a display of being a good Christian

Time: 12th-13th century

Location: Europe

Significance: This is more applicable to the common person that can’t display large charities but also is a way for anyone to be a good Christian more in their daily life. Private devotion becomes more popular as the power of the clergy is hit

Tercias Reales

What: A portion of the church’s tithes that would go to the crown. The crown would then use this to fund military campaigns

Time: 13th and 14th century

Location: Castile

Significance: This tax on agricultural goods became a major source of revenue for the crown

Fourth Lateran Council

What: Catholic meetign in the church where they decided how to treat jews through the law, ultimately requiring them to attend Christian sermons and annual communion in hopes of converting them

Time: 1215

Location: Rome

Significance: it shows how the church wanted to reach religious uniformity to the extent of putting it in legislation. it also highlighted the existing thought of how distinct the groups were since laws said they coudln’t express their faith but had to dress but make them seen as ‘non christian’

Disputation of Barcelona

What: Debate bewttn christian and jewish representatives over if Jesus is the Messiah. Thr Christian representative one

Time: 1263

Location: Barcelona, aragon

Significance: it highlighted the tension between groups. The event filed further tensions and mistrust between the groups

Massacres in Castille and Aragon

What: unrest between Christians and jews starts riots in Seville and other cities, leading to the forced conversions of jews to christianity

Time: 1391

Location: Castille,Aragon

Significance: Led to the loss of Jewish elites that made the conversion of Jews to Christianity smooth, harming Christian efforts for religious uniformity. The Jewish community is weakened from those killed and those converted

Converso

Who: ex jews who aren’t fully accepted by Christians from the massacres of 1391

Time:1391

Location: Seville

Significance: They’re a point of controversy in the future.They’re a new social group to the peninsula that wasn’t expected

Aljamiado

What: Aljamiado texts were written in Arabic but sounded like Castilian

Time: late 13th century

Location: Castille

Significance: It’s an example of continuing cultural mixing and production despite the concept of convivencia, leaving the peninsula. Is made possible by the religious diversity existing there

Interlocking Reign in Granada

What: period of time in granada where may emirs ruled in the same time period because of frequent coups

Time: 1411-64

Location: granada

Significance: This led to political instability inside Granada which, when combined with the outside pressure from Castile, contributed to the decline of Granada in the peninsula

Fernando becomes king of Aragon

What: Old Regent for King Juan of Castille is voted as king of Aragon

Time: 1412

Location:

Significance: Now castille and aragon are ruled by ppl from the same family. fernando’s kids will be kings of Aragon.

Pedro Sarmiento and the Toledo Revolt

What: Anti-converso violence after the king wants more tax

Time: 1449

Location: Toledo

Significance: This was a display of the idea that anything bad happening is in some way tied to the converted, jews, in this case escalating to large-scale divide between converted jews and existing Christians

Limpieza de Sangre

What: Idea of pure blood that conversos aren’t pure enough to be equal with other christians

Time: late 15th century

Location: Castile/Aragon

Significance: Eventually, the idea of picked up on bby enough people that its installed in law so conversos cant hold office. while not universal, it was commonplace

Infantes of Aragon

Who: The kids of King Fernando I of Aragon and his wife

Time: 15th century

Location: Aragon, Castile

Significance: The kids had huge lordship in Castile because of Fernando’s efforts as regent. As a result, they had huge power to control the political situation in Castile and Aragon.

Solomon Ha-levi/Pablo de santa maria

Who: Converso that managed to get a high office despite his ‘lower status’

Time: 1350-1435

Location: Burgos, Spain

Significance: His unique career shows how while despite being of ‘lower’ status to christinas, being a converse doesn’t limit you from rising in your career

Conquest of Naples

What: Naples goes under the control of Infante Alfonso V of Aragon

Time: 1443

Location: Naples, Italy

Significance: This strengthened the power of the infantes and Alfonos V became the king of 2 sicilies. Establishing aragonese dynasty in Naples spread the infante’s influence

Execution of Alvaro de Luna

What: The end of the rise of Alvaro. He’s tried and killed for the killing of a minor official

Time:1453

Location: Aragon

Significance: His career as a loyal servant of a king was controversial for the amount of power he had and why. His long confrontation with the infantes represented the struggle for power at the time between the monarchy and the nobles. When he is removed from power, it warns the nobles of the dangers of excessive influence and ambition when it threatens the power of the king.

War of Castilian Succession

What: 5 year 5-year-long war over the succession of Castile between Isabella of Aragon and Juana of Portugal

Time:1474-1479

Location: Aragon

Significance: Isabella wins and claims Juana is illegitimate. her victory, followed by her husband’s rise the throne of Aragon leads to the unity of the 2 kingdoms once again,making it the largest Christian kingdom

Realengo

What: Territory under the authority of the crown rather than the nobles

Time: late 15th century

Location: Castile

Significance: The crown tries to maintain control and consolidate power, one way through realengo. They have direct influence and control over these territories. the king would give out lots of land, but still gave out privileges which kept them as the central authority territories. This caused a shift in power dynamics from traditional feudalism towards a more centralized and monarchical system

Juana La Beltraneja

Who: Daughter of Juan, Heir to the throne of Castille

Time: 1462-1530

Location: castile

Significance: her claim to the throne was threatened when her legitimacy was questioned. It led to a civil war in Castile Her

First Remensa War

What: First direct action from Catalonian peasants against the nobles to get rid of serfdom

Time: 1462-1472

Location: Catalonia

Significance: It was a complex situation where the king and lower nobility supported the peasants against the nobility. It indicated political but also ideological change that this kind of serfdom was wrong

Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe

What: Formal document stating the end of serfdom in exchange for a small payment from peasants to nobles

Time:1486

Location: Catalonia

Significance: This peasant victory brought actual change. The document was effective in bringing an actual end to serfdom, not just one on paper. When pushed, it showed the peasants desire for free status and their ability to act on it

Second Irmandino Revolt

What: The second revolt among peasants in Galicia against the local aristocracy to end serfdom

Time: 1467-69

Location: Castile

Significance: Its a contrast to the Castilian revolts, as they did not get support from the king or win their freedom. They did, however, weaken the power of the nobility through the destruction of castles in the revolt

Anti-Converso Riots In Castile

What: Anti-converso sentiment was used to cause riots in Castile to gain political goals

Time: 1473-1474

Location: Castile

Significance: Opponents of the crown use existing anti-converso sentiment to stir rebellion to advance their own political goals. This contributes to Ferdinand and Isabella starting the Spanish Inquisition

Death of Petrarch

What: The death of an important Renaissance political figure

Time: 1374

Location: Italy

Significance: His death solidifies his importance to the Renaissance movement and the founding of humanism. He finds classical Latin texts that spark the intellectual movement and is spread through his job which makes him travel between cities and meet important rulers in each.

The Prince

What: A Book written by Niccolo Machiavelli that teaches a successful ruler is one with a devout appearance but acts devilishly

Time: 1532

Location: Italy

Significance: His book was controversial at the time, as it was a common assumption that a good ruler is a devout one. In his humanist thinking, he claims the opposite based on actual rulers

Exemplary History

What: The Idea of learning from experience. Ppl look at royal chronicles to learn what to do based on that ruler’s successes and failures

Time: 14th century

Location: Peninsula

Significance: This is a change in how to live based on the bible vs learn to live based on experience. It is a bridge with some Christian virtues but accepts that sometimes the best thing to do for oneself is NOT VIRTUOUS

Humanism

What: An Idea to use human skills ot study not only God but humans as well

Time: 14 to 16th century

Location: Italy

Significance: It was a marker of the Renaissance. it brought a new classical style of literature and art. It brought a change to writing that focus on cause and effect rather than a general view of God’s plan

Isabel becomes queen of Castile

What: Isabel crowns herself and makes the oath to be ruler in an effort to get the upper hand against another possible ruler

Time: 1474

Location: Castille

Significance: She is the first Castilian queen to use the masculine symbol fo the sword in her procession, sparkign controversy and initial disagreement with her husband, Fernando

Tanto Monta, Monta Tanto

What: The compromise between Isabel and Fernando of Castille to rule following Isabel becoming queen, where they share royal authority

Time:1474

Location: Castile

Significance: There’s a unified royal authority under the condition of it being by Isabel’s wish

Inquisition Established

What: Council staffed with clergy members to find heretics or the secret practice of Judaism

Time:1478

Location: Castille

Significance: It ended the anti-converso riots while gaining popularity among the people to cover their cause. It also helped end the Jewish population in pain. Recovers royal authority

Fernando becomes king of Aragon

What: After his father’s death, he becomes king of Aragon the same year Isabel becomes queen of Castile

Time: 1479

Location: Aragon

Significance: His marriage to Isabel unites the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon to control most of Spain, one of the strongest Christian kingdoms

Granada War Begins

What: Amidst the Granada and Castile, truce, raids continued, and when a Granada raid took the town of Zahara, it sparked action from the Castilian crow,n and the war started

Time:1482

Location: Castille, Granada, Zahara

Significance: The truce was meant to guarantee peace between the two kingdoms, but with the successful raids, there is an official war between Muslims and Christians that will have major religious consequences.

Muhammed XII “Boabdil” Surrenders Granada

What: After Boabdil rebels against the Castilian crown, realizing he has no power over Granada, the crown starts a siege on the city, which leads to Boabdil surrendering by the end of the year

Time:1492

Location: Granada

Significance: This leads to a rise in royal prestige by conquering one of the last Muslim outposts in Europe.

Expulsion of the Jews

What: In the inquisition, jews are given the choice to convert to Christianity or leave Castile

Time:1492

Location: Castile

Significance: This leads to religious uniformity in Castille and officially gets rid of judaism in spain

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