Questions from exam 1

According to Darwin, existing life forms resulted from the modification of pre-existing life forms through the interaction of two factors. What are those two factors?

Variation of traits and natural selection

Changes in trilobite morphology over time

Fossil record

Gill ridges in human and fish embryos

Homology

The similar shape of sharks and dolphins

Convergent evolution

Kale, broccoli and cabbage

Selective breeding

Darwin’s finches

Biogeograhpy

Endemic island species

Biogeography

Recognizable, but specialized forelimb bones in different vertebrates

Homolgy

Different types of cattle

Selective breeding

Wings of butterflies and birds

Convergent evolution

Selective breeding is also called artificial selection

True

Environmental factors are important in selective breeding

False

Selective breeding will always result in organisms that are well-adapted to their environment

False

Selective breeding induces new mutations in a population

False

Selective breeding can only act on genetic variation that is already present in a population

True

Archaeopteryx is a primitive bird from the late Jurassic period. that shares many characteristicseropod dinosaurs and modern-day birds. Based on this information Archaeopteryx would be an

Transitional form

Two or more genes derived from an ancestral gene are

homologous

Two or more genes derived from a common ancestor and found in the same species are called

paralogous

The same genes seen in related species are called

orthologs

Gene duplication events can lead to production of

gene families

Genetic material from one species can be incorporated into the genome of another species via

horizontal gene transfer

All living individuals evolve during their life time

False

A population of the ciliated eukaryote Paramecium is split between two tanks. Tank 1 provides bacteria as food, and Tank 2 provides algae. After many generations some of the Paramecium in Tank 1 have a new gene insertion that is nearly identical to a gene in the bacteria. 

What is the most likely explanation?

The Paramecium acquired the gene by horizontal gene transfer after phagocytosis of the bacterium, then passed it on to progeny.

Fitness is a measure of the ____ of a particular genotype in a population

Reproductive success

A gene pool consists of

All alleles for all genes in a population

A wildfire dramatically reduces a population of oak trees. Several months later, high winds blow several acorns from the surviving oak trees to a meadow several hundred miles away. The acorns germinate and establish a new population of oaks in the meadow. The surviving oaks in the original population will likely experience a _________blank effect, while the oaks in the new population will likely experience a _________blank effect.

bottleneck; founder

Sexual selection can increase the prevalence of phenotypes that have a relatively lower chance of survival.

Group starts

True

Which of the following is a shared derived character of primates

Opposable thumb

According to mitochondrial gene sequences encoding the protein cytochrome oxidase, the lineages of which of the following pairs of species diverged most recently?

Common chimpanzees and humans

If you wanted to determine evolutionary relationships among the three domains, which of the following would you use

Gene for SSU rRNA

Vertical gene transfer

Is the transfer of DNA during normal cell division

Scientists agree that mitochondria were acquired through endosymbiosis before chloroplasts, as shown in the figure above. How do they know this?

Because all eukaryotes have mitochondria, but only plants and some algae have chloroplasts.

Genetic material (DNA and RNA) are found in three distinct organelles in eukaryotic cells. What are these organelles and which type of relationship may have lead to their formation?

chloroplast, mitochondria, nucleus; endosymbiotic

According to the most widely accepted hypothesis, the origin of the nuclear genome involved:

an endosymbiotic relationship between an archaeon and a bacterium.

The eukaryotic genome is comprised entirely of genes derived from Archean ancestors

False

The early earth atmosphere is thought to have lacked which of the following gases

O2

The process by which the major land masses have shifted their positions, changed shapes, and separated from each other, is known as

Plate tetonics

Hominins are

All forms of humans, extinct and extant

The human lineage began to diverge from those of other primates about

7 million years ago

If ancestral primates had not evolved grasping fingers, binocular vision, and large brains, how might their history have differed?

They would have been less adapted for an arboreal lifestyle.

If interbreeding within the hybrid zone of the mountain pass decreased over time, what would you expect to happen to the Western and Eastern deer populations?

They would become separate species because low gene flow among the deer in the hybrid zone would lead to allopatric speciation.

What criteria can be used to identify species? Select all that apply.

Ability to interbreed, Molecular similarity, Ecological factors, Evolutionary reletionships

Dandelions, Taraxacum officinale, are plants that asexually produce fruitlike propagules. Sexual reproduction is very rare in this organism. Which species concept would be LEAST useful in defining dandelions as a species?

Biological species concept

Sympatric speciation differs from allopatric speciation because in sympatric speciation

there are no physical barriers against interbreeding.