chapters 6 and 8

Which of the following best defines a reflex?

A motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment

Compared to reflexes, instincts are:

Triggered by broader events like seasons and maturation

Learning is best defined as:

A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience

Which type of learning involves associating two stimuli that occur together?

Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov is best known for his work on:

Classical conditioning in dogs

In Pavlov’s dog experiments, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

The meat powder

In classical conditioning, after repeated pairing, the neutral stimulus becomes the:

Conditioned stimulus

After conditioning, when Pavlov’s dogs salivated to the sound of a bell, this salivation was a:

Conditioned response

In Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment, stimulus generalization occurred when:

Albert feared other furry white objects

In operant conditioning, positive reinforcement:

Adds something to increase the likelihood of a behavior

What is an example of negative reinforcement?

Removing a loud noise when a lever is pressed

According to B.F. Skinner, which behavior would be least likely to occur again?

One followed by a punishment

What type of reinforcement schedule is the most resistant to extinction?

Variable ratio

What learning concept did Tolman demonstrate with his rat maze study?

Latent learning

In Bandura’s Bobo Doll study, children who saw the adult punished for aggression:

Were less likely to imitate the aggressive behavior

What is vicarious reinforcement?

Seeing a model rewarded, which increases your likelihood of copying them

Memory is best described as:

An information processing system to encode, store, and retrieve data

In memory encoding, what happens during automatic processing?

Encoding without conscious awareness

Encoding the meaning of words rather than how they look or sound is called:

Semantic encoding

According to the self-reference effect, you are more likely to remember information that:

Relates personally to you

In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, sensory memory:

Stores brief sensory events for a few seconds

Short-term memory (STM) lasts approximately:

15-30 seconds

What process moves information from STM into LTM?

Memory consolidation

Explicit memory includes:

Episodic and semantic memories

Which neurotransmitters are associated with memory formation?

Epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and acetylcholine

Anterograde amnesia typically results in:

Inability to form new memories

Clive Wearing’s amnesia is a case of:

Severe anterograde amnesia

Memory reconstruction means:

Retrieved memories can be altered when recalled

Elizabeth Loftus' research focused mainly on:

False memories and the misinformation effect

The 'testing effect' suggests that:

Actively trying to retrieve information strengthens memory

A baby flinches every time a dog barks. Later, she flinches at just the sight of the dog. What has occurred?

Classical conditioning

A company uses catchy jingles to create happy associations. This is an example of:

Classical conditioning

A child cleans up toys after seeing his brother get a cookie for it. This is:

Observational learning

A dog owner gives a treat every Friday at 5 PM, and the dog waits by the door. This is:

Fixed interval reinforcement

A teacher rewards students after every five homework assignments. This is:

Fixed ratio reinforcement

A rat presses a lever for food, sometimes after 2 presses, sometimes 10 presses. This is:

Variable ratio reinforcement

Listening to music while studying but finding it distracting later shows the effect of:

Effects of background media

Relating vocabulary words to personal memories is an example of:

Semantic encoding and self-reference effect

Recalling your own earthquake experience vividly after seeing news coverage is an example of:

Flashbulb memory

A boy fears white rabbits, dogs, and beards after conditioning. This is:

Stimulus generalization

A sticker chart that leads to a prize is an example of:

Secondary reinforcer

Organizing words into categories during memorization shows:

Semantic network organization

Doing better on a test when studying and testing environments match shows:

Context-dependent learning

A new driver eventually drives automatically after practice. This shows:

Procedural memory development

Learning not to respond to repeated phone rings shows:

Habituation

Misremembering crime details after hearing misleading news is an example of:

Misinformation effect

Best strategy to master biology concepts long-term is:

Distributed practice with retrieval quizzes

Practicing piano 30 minutes daily instead of cramming is an example of:

Distributed practice

Mixing math problems from different chapters instead of one chapter at a time shows:

Interleaved practice

Struggling to recall facts after an all-nighter shows:

Lack of sleep disrupting memory consolidation

A coffee shop gives customers a free drink after every 10 purchases. This is an example of:

Fixed ratio

A fisherman casts his line into the ocean. Sometimes he catches a fish after 5 minutes, sometimes after 30 minutes. This is an example of:

Variable interval

A slot machine pays out on average after a certain number of plays, but the player doesn't know exactly when. This is an example of:

Variable ratio

A worker gets paid every two weeks, no matter how many hours they work in that period. This is an example of:

Fixed interval

A student receives praise from a teacher after completing a random number of math problems. This schedule is:

Variable ratio

A parent gives a child a cookie every time the child finishes their homework — no exceptions. This describes:

Continuous reinforcement

A radio station gives away concert tickets by choosing winners randomly when listeners call after hearing a song. This schedule represents:

Variable interval

A student knows that every Friday, there will be a pop quiz in their math class. This is an example of:

Fixed interval

A coffee shop gives customers a free drink after every 10 purchases. This is an example of:

Fixed ratio

A fisherman casts his line into the ocean. Sometimes he catches a fish after 5 minutes, sometimes after 30 minutes. This is an example of:

Variable interval

A slot machine pays out on average after a certain number of plays, but the player doesn't know exactly when. This is an example of:

Variable ratio

A worker gets paid every two weeks, no matter how many hours they work in that period. This is an example of:

Fixed interval

A student receives praise from a teacher after completing a random number of math problems. This schedule is:

Variable ratio

A parent gives a child a cookie every time the child finishes their homework — no exceptions. This describes:

Continuous reinforcement

A radio station gives away concert tickets by choosing winners randomly when listeners call after hearing a song. This schedule represents:

Variable interval

A student knows that every Friday, there will be a pop quiz in their math class. This is an example of:

Fixed interval

Which schedule is most resistant to extinction?

Variable ratio

In which schedule does reinforcement occur after a predictable amount of time passes, regardless of behavior?

Fixed interval

Which of the following is NOT one of Schacter’s 7 sins of memory?

Consolidation

The 7 Sins of Memory can be grouped into which three categories?

Forgetting, Distortion, Intrusion

Which 'sin' describes when memories fade over time?

Transience

After seeing a familiar face but being unable to recall their name at a party, you are experiencing:

Blocking

You tell a friend a funny story, but later you mistakenly think it happened to you rather than to your friend. This is an example of:

Misattribution

You believe you clearly remember an event from your childhood, but the memory is actually shaped by your current beliefs. This best demonstrates:

Bias

Continually recalling an embarrassing moment you wish you could forget is an example of which memory sin?

Persistence

Which memory sin refers to when memories are altered because of misleading information introduced after an event?

Suggestibility

In the intrusion category of memory sins, which is an example?

Persistence

You forget where you parked your car because you were talking on your phone while parking. This is an example of:

Absentmindedness

After seeing a crime, you confidently identify the wrong person from a lineup. This illustrates:

Misattribution

A person claims to remember a childhood event vividly, but it was suggested by a therapist during counseling. This is an example of:

Suggestibility

You clearly remember your team winning a game, but records show they actually lost. Your memory changed due to your current pride. This is:

Bias

You keep thinking about an argument you had with a friend, even when you want to move on. This is an example of:

Persistence

You studied Spanish years ago and now forget many vocabulary words. This forgetting over time is called:

Transience