AP PSYCH u4.4-u4.8 - motivation, emotion, and personality

psychodynamic theory

childhood and unconscious motivations influence personality

unconscious vs pre conscious mind

anything that can potentially be brought to mind vs anything inaccessible due to discomfort

ego defense mechanisms

what the unconscious uses when feeling anxiety

denial

refusal to acknowledge threatening reality

displacement

redirect repressed feelings to substitutes

projection

attributing self feelings onto others

regression

reverting to childlike behavior

rationalization

justifying difficult/unacceptable feelings w seemingly logical reasons

reaction formation

exaggerating opposite ideas and emotions

repression

excluding painful thoughts unconsciously

sublimation

transforming repressed feelings into more socially accepted forms (blowing off steam)

projective tests

relatively ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses to reflect personality (inkblots)

collective unconscious

inherited & universal patterns of behavior (archetypes)

id

unconscious drives (devil)

ego

manager of id and superego

superego

moral compass (angel)

humanistic psychology

focuses on inner capacities for growth and self fulfillment

unconditional positive regard

full acceptance and love regardless of behavior

self actualization vs self transcendence

motivation to fulfill one’s potential be striving for meaning and purpose beyond the self

traits

long term personal characteristics

personality inventory

assessment device w series of statements set to specific categories (strongly agree to strongly disagree)

big 5 theory

5 traits assess personality (OCEAN)

open mindedness

imagination, feelings, actions, ideas, abstract thinking

contentiousness

competence, self discipline, goal driven, planning

extraversion

sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression

agreeableness

cooperative, trustworthy, good natured

neuroiticism

tendency towards emotional instability

MMPI

test that assesses personality traits and psychopathy

reciprocal determinism

behavioral, personal factors , and environment work together to shape response to situations

spotlight effect

overestimating how much people are paying attention

self-efficacy

expectancy that you can execute behaviors to achieve a goal

individual vs collectivist

self goals vs group goals

drive reduction theory

physiological need creates a drive that we strive to satisfy

arousal theory

things are done to seek out an optimal level of excitement (low and high)

yerkes-dodson law

performance is dependent on difficulty and arousal level

self determination theory

we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness

intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation

motivated by personal enjoyment vs motivated by outside factors

incentive theory

environmental cues that trigger a motive for a reward

instincts and evolutionary theory

humans have instincts that motivate us

ostracism

deliberate exclusion of groups or individuals - threatens need to belong

achievement motivation

desire for significant accomplishment, master of skill, control, and achieving a strong standard

grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long term goals

sensation seeking theory

drive to pursue new/intense experiences - danger can be disregarded

ghrelin

hunger hormone

leptin

triggers feeling of fullness

orexin

causes hunger feelings

set point

idea they there’s a control system that dictates how much fat one can and should carry

glucose

blood sugar yay

PYY

hormone that signals satiety and reduces appetite

situational influences on eating

conditioning, climate, and emotions (eating ice cream when sad)

universal emotions

found across all cultures w associated facial expression: happiness, anger, disgust, sadness fear, and surprise

display rules

social norms for how we appear in society

facial feedback effect

expressed emotion can change internal mood

behavior feedback effect

outside behavior influences our own behavior/thoughts

emotion

feeling w bodily reactions, expressive behaviors, and cognitions

broaden and build theory of emotion

positive emotions broaden our awareness, helps build novel and meaningful skills and intelligences that improves wellbeing

james lange

body reactions causes emotion

cannon bard

body reaction and emotional awareness happen simultaneously

schacter singer

body and thinking cause emotion

zajonc ledoux

fear proving stimuli travel faster on ‘low road’

lazarus

thinking causes emotion