Ap World Study Unit 3&4

Gunpowder Empires

Empires that used gunpowder to expand and control territories, firearms/cannons

Ottoman Empire

13th-early 20th century, legal system included by Shia Islamic law, diverse population (Eastern Europe, North Africa, Arabian Peninsula), Millet System, fell in World War 1

Millet System

Used by Ottomans, religious communities in empire allowed sense of autonomy, recognize authority of sultan

Safavid Empire

1501-1736 CE, Islamic Empire, Shia Islam, Persian state, facilitated economic development through trade, conflict over Shia with Sunni (Ottomans), fell due to internal conflict and outside invaders

Mughal Empire

16th-19th century, Islamic empire in India, cultural blending, promoted religious tolerance under Babur, stabilized by Akbar’s administrative reforms, fell due to internal conflict, external invasions, European pressure

Devshirme

System of recurring young Christian boys for Ottoman Empire, converted to Islam, could rise up to ranks to prominence

Jannissaries

Elite ottoman soldiers trained from young age, sultan’s personal guards, young Christian boys converted to Islam

Tan Mahal

Mughal architecture, legitimize power of Mughal, tomb for sultan’s wife

Qing Dynasty

1644-1912 CE, last imperial dynasty of China, established by Manchu, Han people upset, expanded China’s borders, Confucianism dominant, facilitated trade, subjected to unequal treatment by European powers, fell 1912 established Republic of China

Tokugawa Shogunate

1603-1868 CE Edo, isolationist Japan, unified under feudal system, period of peace and stability, strict social orders (caste), internal economic and cultural growth

Zamindars

Landowners in India, collected taxes for Mughal, could keep portion, exploited farmers

Tax Farming

Individuals collect taxes on behalf of government

Protestant Reformation

1517 CE, reform of Roman Catholic Church, Martin Luther 95 these, corruption of church exposed with printing technology, split Christianity into two (Roman Catholic & Protestant)

Thirty Years’ War

1614-1648 CE, religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants, holy Roman empire, political rivalries, ended with treaty of Westphalia

Counter Reformation

Catholic response to Protestant reformation, reform church & fight Protestant spread, council of Trent reforms to address corruption, Jesuit order used

Jesuits

Spread Catholicism globally, missionaries, focus in Asia & Latin America

Colombian Exchange

1492 CE, exchange of people, diseases, culture, foods, and ideas across Eastern and Western hemisphere

Mercantilism

Economic policy to build wealth, focus more on exports than imports, encourage colonies for raw materials, gold and silver is wealth

Joint Stock Companies

Started by Dutch, group of shareholders fund exploration in new world with low risk

Triangular Trade

Exchange of raw material to Europe from Americas, Manufactures goods to America & Africa from Europe, Enslaved laborers from Africa to America

Middle Passage

Transport of slaves across transatlantic to Americas, cruel conditions, high mortality rate

Encomienda System

Spanish labor system, natives required to work for state, Caste system, exploit natives for silver in exchange for protection and religious conversion, Catholic missionaries

Hacienda System

Large estates in Spanish America, used natives for agricultural labor

Spanish Mita

Spanish system requiring natives to work for the Spanish colonial authorities, Peru

Chattel Slavedy

Slave system, slaves treated a property not people, slavery passed onto children from mother

Creoles

Europeans born in the Americas, lower hierarchy than Europeans born in Europe

Mestizo

Individuals of European and Native mix

Mulattoes

Individuals of European and African mix

Maritime Empires

Empires based on sea travel, colonies abroad, trade overseas

Caravel

Small ship, fast, Portuguese & Spainish used

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese prince, early age of exploration, funded exploration through sea routes in Africa & India, never travelled himself, established navigation school at Sagres