Human Anatomy Exam 1 Study Guide

cytology

study of cells; structure/function

histology

study of biological tissues

surface anatomy

surface of the body, able to see/feel from the outside

regional anatomy

structures in a specific area of body

systemic anatomy

structures/organ systems working together to accomplish certain functions

Levels of organization (simple to complex)

chemical/molecular level

cellular level

tissue level

organ level

organ system level

organism level

chemical/molecular level

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen make up ~99% of the body

tissue level

muscular, neural, connective, epithelial

organ level

made up of combinations of tissue

homeostasis

baseline/normal range of internal environment

disease

failure to maintain homeostatic conditions

pathology

study of disease

superficial

easily noticeable

anatomical landmarks

important clinical points, usually palpable, on the body

supine

body laying on its back

prone

body laying face down

superior

towards head

inferior

towards feet

anterior

towards front

posterior

towards back

medial

towards midline

lateral

towards outside of body (more left or right)

proximal

closer to attachment point

distal

further away from attachment point

sagittal plane

midsagittal and parasagittal

transverse

superior and inferior

frontal

anterior and posterior

epithelial tissue

sheets of tightly bound, parallel/adjacent cells that line internal cavities

connective tissue

provides support and structure

muscular tissue

ability to contract and produce movement, linear/parallel appearance

neural tissue

conducts electrical impulses, carries information

3 main categories of connective tissue

1. connective tissue proper

2. fluid connective tissue

3. supporting connective tissue

3 main components of connective tissue

1. specialized cells

2. extracellular protein fibers

3. matrix

connective tissue proper

loose and dense

fluid connective tissue

blood and lymph

supporting connective tissue

cartilage and bone

loose connective tissue proper

fibers create loose and open framework

-areolar tissue

-adipose tissue

-reticular tissue

dense connective tissue proper

fibers densely packed

-dense regular

-dense irregular

-elastic

blood

contained in the cardiovascular system

-contains rbcs, wbcs, and platelets

lymph

contained in lymphatic system

-contains lymphocytes

cartilage

solid, rubbery matrix (made of chondrocytes), avascular (no blood supply)

-hyaline cartilage

-elastic cartilage

-fibrous cartilage

bone

solid, crystalline matrix

-made of osteocytes

areolar tissue

deep in dermis, binds skin to muscles

-minimal suport

-movement

adipose tissue

around organs to provide cushion and insulation

-energy storage

- brown and white

reticular tissue

provides supporting framework to organs

- latticework

- liver, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, bone marrow

dense regular connective tissue

tendons and ligaments

- densely packed

-organized

-strength

elastic connective tissue

very dense and strong, but more elastic

-fasha, stabilizing vertebrate and spinal column

dense irregular connective tissue

strength and support, but not as strong as regular connective tissue

-around organs and dermis glands

-outer layer of bone and cartilage

hyaline cartilage

articular surfaces of bones, most major joints

ex: ribs and sternum, throat region

elastic cartilage

provides flexible support

ex: external flap of ear, inner ear canal, epiglottis

fibrous cartilage

resists compression, absorbs shock, very strong

ex: tissue to bone attachment, menisci in the knee, intervertebral disks

fascia

layers of connective tissue that connect organs with the rest of the body

Types of fascia

1. superficial fascia

2. deep fascia

3. subserous fascia

myofascia

fascia covering skeletal muscles

functions of the skeletal system

-support

-storage of minerals

-blood cell production

-leverage

-protection

osteocytes

mature bone cells

osteoblasts

immature bone cells

osteoprogenitor cells

bone stem cells that are important in bone repair

osteoclasts

dissolves bone by secreting acids

osteogenesis

creating new bone

what is the purpose of osteoclasts?

the compact bone needs to grow, but it will get to heavy, so the osteoclasts dissolve the compact bone from the inside

medullary cavity

where bone marrow is found

diaphysis

shaft, contains yellow bone marrow

yellow bone marrow

where white blood cells are made

red bone marrow

where all components of blood are made

-made in flat bones and ends of long bones

metaphysis

growth plate

periosteum

external covering of bones; links to tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules

-has nerves

endosteum

inner surface of bone

7 types of bone

1. sutural

2. pneumatized

3. flat

4. long

5. sesamoid

6. short

7. irregular

joints

juntctions between two or more bones

synarthrosis

immovable joint

-suture

-gomphosis

-synostosis

- sychondrosis

amphiarthroses

sightly movable joints

-syndesmosis

-symphysis

diarthroses

freely movable synovial joints

-synovial

synovial joints types of movement

angular motion, rotation, special movements

abduction

moving away from body

adduction

moving toward the body

flexion

decreases the angle between the bones of the joint

extension

increases the angle between the bones of the joint

hyperextension

extending beyond the normal limits

circumduction

making a circular motion

left and right rotation

moving the head in a "no" manner

medial and lateral rotation

rotating the arm outward at the shoulder, rotating the arm inward at the shoulder

pronation and supination

hand in anatomical position, hand facing backwards

protraction and retraction

move head front or back

elevation and depression

up and down movement

dorsiflexion

toes towards calf, flexing the foot

plantar flexion

toes pointed down

flat bone

thick layers of compact bone, has thin, rough parallel surfaces

pneumatized bone

a bone that is hollow or contains many air cells

sutural bone

found between the flat bones of the skull

long bone

long and slender

seasmoid bones

round, flat, and small; usually found near joints

short bones

boxlike

irregular bones

complex shapes with short, flat, and notched surfaces

maxillae

palatine bones

nasal bones

inferior nasal conchae

zygomatic bones

lacrimal bones