Bio Med - Intro to Anatomy and Physiology

Give a human body example of anatomy and physiology.

Anatomy is the structure, such as the heart. Physiology is how the structure functions, such as the heart pumps blood around the body.

What are the levels of organization? Define each one.

• Cell: The smallest unit of life

• Tissue: Collection of cells with a common function

• Organ: Made of 2 or more types of tissues

• Organ System: Group of organs working towards a common goal

• Organism: Highest level of structural organization for an individual

What is the difference between tissue and organ?

Tissue is a collection of similar cells that share a common function, whereas an organ is a collection of different types of tissues that each work towards the same common goal

Identify the 11 different body systems.

• Skeletal

• Nervous

• Circulatory

• Respiratory

• Digestive

• Muscular

• Integumentary

• Lymphatic

• Excertory

• Endocrine

• Reproductive

What is the skeletal system’s main function?

Provides support and protection, gives the body it’s shape

What is the nervous system’s main function?

Detects impulses from the senses; aka the control center

What is the circulatory system’s main function?

Transports nutrients and gases around the body

What is the respiratory system’s main function?

Exchanges gases (CO₂, H₂O)

What is the digestive system’s main function?

Breaks down and absorbs food

What is the muscular system’s main function?

Provides movement for all parts of the body

What is the integumentary system’s main function?

Protects the body, regulates body temperature, and prevents water loss

What is the lymphatic system’s main function?

Fights infection and provides fluid for cells

What is the excertory system’s main function?

Removes waste from the blood

What is the endocrine system’s main function?

Secretes (the process by which cells or glands produce and release substances) hormones

What is the reproductive system’s main function?

Produces cells used in sexual reproduction

Identify the planes:

1: Frontal

2: Midsaggital

3: Transverse

What are the terms for when you make an incision closer or further from the surface of the body?

Closer to the surface of the body: Superficial

Further from the surface of the body: Deep

Describe anatomical position. What is the “left“ and the “right“ side when in anatomical position?

Anatomical position is body straight with feet slightly apart and thumbs pointed away from the body. “Left“ and “right“ is determined by the patient’s left and right.

What are the 8 functions necessary for life?

• Maintaining boundaries

• Movement

• Responsiveness

• Digestion

• Metabolism

• Excretion

• Reproduction

• Growth

Why is maintaining boundaries a necessary function?

It lets some substances (good) in and keeps others (bad) out

Why is movement a necessary function?

Internal movement (digestion) and ability to move through surroundings

Why is responsiveness a necessary function?

Sensing and reacting to changes in environment

Why is digestion a necessary function?

Breaking down and absorbing nutrients

Why is metabolism a necessary function?

Builds larger molecules from smaller ones (anabolism) and breaks down of larger molecules into smaller ones (catabolism)

Why is excretion a necessary function?

Removal of wastes (urine, sweat)

Why is reproduction a necessary function?

Produces offspring

Why is growth a necessary function?

Increases cell size or overall body size

What are the 5 survival needs for a human being to live?

• Nutrients (digestion, metabolism)

• Oxygen (Hearts and lungs)

• Normal Body Temperature (skin, blood, muscles)

• Water (allows molecules to move through body)

• Normal Atmospheric Pressure (gas exchange between lungs and environment)

What is homeostasis?

The body’s ability to constantly preserve stable internal conditions

What is a negative feedback loop?

Reduces changes in the body to return balance

What is an example of a negative feedback loop?

Balancing blood sugar levels

What is a positive feedback loop?

Continue to drive the body farther than its typical state

What is an example of a positive feedback loop?

Childbirth

In Steve Callahan’s story, which one of the survival needs would’ve been his biggest obstacles?

Water. While there was seawater all around him, humans cannot drink it due to the high sodium levels, therefore causing severe dehydration.

Nutrients

Normal Body Temperature

Name the directional terms:

Name the directional terms:

What is the order of the homeostatic feedback mechanism?

Stimulus

Receptor

Afferent Pathway

Control Center

Efferent Pathway

Effector