Nutrition and Fluid Balance Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive practice questions covering fluid balance, mineral functions, energy metabolism, clinical nutrition interventions, and life-cycle nutrition based on nursing lecture notes.

What is the recommended daily total fluid intake for women based on the lecture notes?

$9$ cups

Why is softened tap water a concern for individuals with hypertension?

Softened water has relatively high levels of sodium, which can exacerbate hypertension in salt-sensitive individuals.

What is the specific definition of interstitial fluid?

The body fluid found between the cells.

How does water assist in body temperature regulation?

It absorbs and distributes heat throughout the body and facilitates cooling through perspiration.

Which electrolyte is most critical for maintaining physiologic equilibrium (homeostasis) over a short period of a few days?

Sodium

Which hormone does the body release to prompt the kidneys to decrease sodium excretion in response to heavy sweating?

Aldosterone

Symptoms such as muscle weakness, confusion, decreased appetite, and irregular heartbeat are characteristic of an imbalance in which mineral?

Potassium

Why is disorientation a common sign of dehydration in older adults?

Older adults often have a diminished thirst mechanism, making them prone to dehydration which can manifest as acute disorientation.

In an elderly client with edema, which two dietary components should be primarily evaluated?

Sodium and protein

What is the definition of bioavailability in the context of minerals?

The amount of a mineral that can be absorbed by the body from a food.

Which substances found in tea can decrease the absorption of calcium?

Oxalic acid and tannins

What is the primary lifestyle change recommended to help prevent the development of osteoporosis by stimulating bone density?

Engaging in regular exercise, such as taking a $30$-minute walk most days.

Secondary magnesium deficiency is most likely to occur in association with which conditions?

Excessive vomiting and diarrhea

What is the Adequate Intake (AI) level for sodium for a healthy adult?

$$1500\,mg$$

What is the most effective recommendation for minimizing lead exposure from old plumbing in an apartment?

Run the tap water for $2$ minutes before using it to flush out water that has sat in the pipes.

Why is heme iron, found in animal foods like pork, significant for dietary planning?

It is the form of iron absorbed most easily by the body.

What is the term for the condition characterized by the storage of too much iron in the body?

Hemosiderosis

In countries where unleavened whole grain bread is a staple, how can zinc deficiency be prevented?

By using yeast in bread making, which breaks the bond between zinc and phytic acid.

Deficiency in which mineral causes lethargy, weight gain, and is prevented by using fortified table salt?

Iodine

Which inherited disorder causes an excessive accumulation of copper in the body?

Wilson's disease

How many kilocalories are provided per gram of protein, fat, and carbohydrate?

Protein: $4\,kcal/g$; Fat: $9\,kcal/g$; Carbohydrate: $4\,kcal/g$

What is the primary fuel for all body processes that traps energy released from food?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

During a long hike lasting over $4$ hours, what becomes the major source of energy for working muscles?

Fatty acids

What is considered the 'gold standard' for the accurate measurement of body fat levels?

Underwater weighing (densitometry)

What is the recommended healthy range for total body fat in men?

$15\%$ to $20\%$

A waist-to-hip ratio higher than what value is associated with high risk for chronic disease in women?

$$0.8$$

Approximately how many kilocalories represent one pound ($1\,lb$) of body fat?

$$3500\,kcal$$

According to the Set Point Theory, how does the body respond if fatness falls below a perceived appropriate level?

The individual will experience an overall increase in hunger drive.

What percentage of body weight loss through sweat begins to impair athletic performance?

$2\%$ to $3\%$

Under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994, how are dietary supplements classified?

They are considered foods.

Which hormone, increased during pregnancy, leads to the relaxation of smooth muscle and potential constipation?

Progesterone

What is the recommended total weight gain during pregnancy for a woman with a healthy prepregnancy weight?

$25$ to $35$ pounds

Why should honey be avoided in infants under the age of $12$ months?

It can cause infantile botulism.

What is a major nutritional concern for adolescent girls, especially those in competitive sports like gymnastics?

Inadequate calcium intake

Which mineral deficiency is specifically associated with a diminished sense of taste (hypogeusia) in older adults?

Zinc