SCOTUS REVIEW QUIZ 1

Baker v. Carr

States must meet a Constitutional standard for appointment: districts cannot be drawn in such a way that they violate the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment. (One person one Vote)

Brown v. Board of Education

Reserved the “Separation but Equal Doctrine” established by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in public education on the basis that the doctrine violated the 14th Amendment.

Citizens United v. FEC

Under the 1st Amendment, corporate funding of independent political broadcasts in candidate elections cannot be limited.

Engel v. Vitale

\
The requirement of a daily school prayer by public institutions (i.e., a school system) violates the establishment clause of the 1st Amendment.

Gideon v. Wainwright

State governments must provide free counsel to people accused of felonies who cannot pay for it themselves. Later extended to cover any cases where the penalty was imprisonment for six months or longer.

Marbury v. Madison

Congress did not have the power to modify the Constitution through regular legislation as it did in the Judiciary Act of 1789 because the Supremacy Clause places the Constitution before the laws. Established judicial review.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Congress has powers not explicitly outlined in the U.S. Constitution through the “necessary & proper clause" and states cannot tax instruments of the national government employed in the execution of constitutional powers.

McDonald v. Chicago

The right to self-defense as a “fundamental “ and “deeply rooted” right established in Heller v. D.C. applies to the states.

New York Times Co. v. U.S.

Government cannot use prior restraint against the press unless they can establish the publication would cause a inevitable, direct, and immediate event imperiling the safety of Americans.

Schenck v. U.S.

The 1st Amendment does not protect speech that approaches creating a clear and present danger of a significant evil that Congress has the power to prevent.

Shaw v. Reno

Racially gerrymandered voting districts, even if created for noble purposes, fall under “strict scrutiny” judicial review rules, and may violate the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment.

Tinker v. Des Moines

Students do not lose their 1st Amendment rights to freedom of speech. Furthermore, school officials must be able to prove that the conduct in question would “materially and substitutionally infer” with the operation of the school.

United States v. Lopez

The Gun-Free School Zone Act of 1990, forbidding individuals from knowingly carrying a gun in a school zone, exceeded the power of Congress to legislate under the Commerce Clause.

Wisconsin v. Yoder

An individual's interest in the free exercise of religion under the 1st Amendment outweighs the state's interest in compelling School attendance beyond the eighth grade.