Cells & Microorganisms

Channel Protein

Allows certain substances in and out of cells without using energy

Phospholipid Bilayer

The main ‘framework’ of the cell membrane

Integral Protein

Proteins that are inserted into the phospholipid bilayer

Cholesterol

Spaces out phospholipids in low temperatures, stabilises phospholipids in high temperature

Glycoprotein

Cell recognition and helps binding to other cells

Carrier Protein

Bind to specific substances and transfer them across the cell membrane using energy

Glycolipid

Maintaining structure of the cell membrane and assist with cell recognition

Peripheral Protein

Can detach and reattach to membrane. Responsible for cell signalling.

MRS GREN

Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Excretion, Nutrition

Parts of the microscope

Five Kingdoms

Animal (animale), plant (plantae), protist (Protista), fungi, monera

Unicellular

Organisms that are only made up of one cell

Multicellular

Organisms that are made up of two or more cells

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Prokaryotes are unicellular, lacks nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Eukaryotes are multicellular, has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Difference between a plant and animal cell

A plant cell has a cell wall, chloroplast and a central vacuole.

Cell membrane

Controls the entry of dissolved substances into and out of the cells.

Cell Wall

Functions to support and protect the cell and limits its volume.

Cytoplasm

To contain the cytosol, which is the fluid in the cytoplasm and provide a medium suitable for biochemical reactions to occur.

Nucleus

The ‘control centre’ of the cell

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

To package proteins made by the ribosomes into small vacuoles for transport to a Golgi body.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

To synthesis lipids and metabolise carbohydrates

Ribosomes

Site of protein production

Golgi body

Packages materials into membrane bound bags

Vacuoles

Storage of waste, minerals sugars and wastes.

Lysosomes

Membrane bound vesicles containing powerful enzymes that break down debris and foreign materials

Mitochondrion

Converts chemical energy into compounded call ATP

Chlorplasts

Site for photosynthesis

Cellular respiration

The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy

Respiration equation

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy

Photosynthesis equation

carbon dioxide + water + light energy = glucose + oxygen

The cell membrane is selectively permeable

Only some materials will pass through while other will not

Surface area to volume ratio

Cells need a large SA:Vol ration - allows for efficient exchange of materials

Passive Transport - Diffusion

The movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

Passive transport - osmosis

A type of diffusion involving water molecules. Molecules will move from areas of low solute concentration to areas with high solute concentration

Passive Transport - facilitated diffusion

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane via special transport proteins, from high to low concentration.

Active transport

The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy input, typically through ATP.

Exocytosis

Occurs by fusion of a vesicle membrane. The vesicles contents are then released to the outside of the cell (exiting the cell)

Endocytosis

The plasma membrane fold in around the molecules to be transported into the cell

Types of endocytosis

Pinocytosis - Phagocytosis

Types of Microorgansims

Bacteria - Archaea - Fungi - Protista - Algae

Bacterial Growth

Bacteria are prokaryotes that divide by binary fission

Optimal conditions of bacterial growth

Nutrients - temperature - acidity/alkalinity - oxygen - water