AP Psych Unit 4 Review

Actor/Observer Bias

A tendency to attribute one's own actions to external causes

Fundamental attribution error

a individual's tendency to attribute another's actions to their character or personality

Dispositional attribution

To assign blame on one's personality not external forces

Downward social comparison

When one compares them self

Attitude formation

How one forms beliefs

Belief perseverance

Holding on to a belief even when they have been proven wrong

Cognitive dissonance

When one's action goes against one's moral beliefs

Confirmation bias

Seeking information that agrees with your beliefs

Discrimination

The unjust treatment to someone they view as worse off

Upward social comparison

When someone compares themselves to someone they view as better off

Optimistic explanatory style

Using local, unstable, and external explanation for negative events

Pessimistic explanatory style

View setbacks as personal, permanent, and pervasive

External locus of control

Outside the forces guide one's life

Internal locus of control

One's own personality guides one's life

Mere-exposure effect

The more you see something the more you like it

Person perception

Point of view determines a story

Relative deprivation

View oneself as worse off than others

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Live out one's belief about one's life

Self-serving bias

See oneself as better than we are different categories of people, especially on the grounds of ethnicity, age, sex, or disability

Ethnocentrism

Evaluation of other cultures by the standards of one's own

Implicit attitudes

Evaluation based on one's own values

In-group bias

preference to one's own group "us"

Out-group homogeneity bias

"them" judging the other group

Just-world phenomenon

good things happen to good people- bad things happen to bad people

Stereotypes

unfair beliefs about another group or person

Altruism

a good deed

Attentional variable

factors that affect a person's ability to focus and process information

Situational variable

factors in the environment that affect one's performance

Authority figure

a person whose real or apparent authority over others inspires or demands obedience and emulation

Burnout

mental and physical exhaustion

Bystander effect

people are less likely to help others if other people are present

Central route to persuasion

main part of an argument- what they are saying

Peripheral route to persuasion

other tractors in an argument- looks, body language

Collectivism

society that operates as one group

Conformity

doing what others are doing to fit in

Deindividuation

doing things in a group that one would not do on their own, "mob" mental

Diffusion of responsibility

blaming someone else

Consciousness

awareness of one's self and the environment

Unconscious

part of your personality you are unaware of

Ego, id, superego

Ego- reality Id- immediate gratification Superego-ideal

Repression

banish from conscious awareness

Denial

refusing to believe

Displacement

redirect aggression to a lower authority

Projection

giving one's own thoughts and feeling to another person

Rationalization

logical explanation to make one come out better

Regression

acting at a lower level of maturity

Sublimation

putting aggression into an acceptable career

Personality

enduring characteristics and behavior that compromise a person

Pleasure principle (Id)

immediate gratification

Reality principle (ego)

reality

Morality principle (superego)

ideal

Door in the face approach

Yes to the big things then yes to the little things

Foot in the door approach

Yes to the little things then yes to the big things

Elaboration likelihood model

How humans process information differently and how the outcomes of this process changes

False consensus effect

mistaken belief that other agree with you

Group polarization

separation of groups based on belief

Group think

thinking that coincides with the group

Halo effect

positive impression is based on a single characteristic

Individualism

doing things for individual recognition

Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologists

psychology in the workforce

Informational social influence

people change their opinions based based on what they think is accurate facts

Normative social influence

people change their behavior to fit into a group

Multiculturalism

the presence of other ethnic groups

Negative affect

Not happy behavior

Obedience

doing what is told

Preconscious

are between conscious and unconscious ex. sleep

Projection tests

personality tests that are tests for psychoanalytic

Psycho dynamic theory of personality

personality is driven by unconscious motives

Unconditional positive regard

not judging another person

Humanistic perspective of personality

live up to one's ultimate potential

Prosocial behavior

behavior that benefits society

Social debt

offenders owe society a debt for their actions

Social facilitation

performing better when others are watching

Social loafing

putting in less effort when working in a group

Social norms

behavior norms set by society

Social responsibility norm

societal norms set by doing what is right for others and society

Social reciprocity norm

you help someone then they help you

Social situation

circumstances where others interact

Social traps

short term actions lead to long term consenquances

Stereotyping

false beliefs about a group

Super ordinate goals

most important goals

Boredom susceptibility

dislike repetition

Dis-inhibition

inability to control impulses

Drive-reduction theory

reduce a drive

External eating cue

outside of biological need

Ghrelin

hormone- regulate appetite

Leptin

hormone- regulate body weight

Satiety

full, not hungry

Hypothalamus

in brain controls bodily maintenance and pleasure

Pituitary gland

master glad regulate hunger

Homeostasis

body in equilibrium

Hunger

body needs/wants nourishment

Instinct

natural reaction

Intrinsic motivation

do for the love

Extrinsic motivation

do for the reward

Affect

how you show emotion

Physiological response

body's response

Cognitive appraisal

how you think about emotions

Cognitive labeling

labeling emotions

Display rules

how one displays emotions based on societal rules