Lymphatic and Digestive System

Small encapsulated lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels that function to filter the lymph are called lymph____

nodes

The lymphatic vessels that carry lymph AWAY FROM a lymph node are called ______ vessels. They leave the lymph node ______.

efferent; at the hilum

Lymphatic tissue called _____-associated lymphoid tissue, or MALT, consists of unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue.

mucosa

List cell types found in lymphatic tissue.

lymphocytes and macrophages

Areas of B cell proliferation within the cortex of lymph nodes are called

germinal centers

What are Peyer's patches?

specialized lymphatic nodules within the intestinal mucosa

Lymph enters a lymph node through______, moves through______ within the node, and exits through______.

afferent lymphatic vessels; lymph sinuses; efferent lymphatic vessels

____ are encapsulated organs that filter lymph to remove potentially harmful particles

Lymph nodes

Filtering potentially harmful particles from lymph and providing immune surveillance of body fluids are the functions of organs called______

lymph nodes

The lymphatic vessels that carry lymph INTO a lymph node are called______ vessels. They enter the lymph node______.

afferent; on convex surface

What is MALT?

unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue found in various mucosae

Indicate the two cell types in the lymph nodes that function to attack microorganisms as lymph is being filtered.

• lymphocytes

• macrophages

What are germinal centers?

areas of B cell proliferation within cortex of lymph nodes

What is the role of the thymus in the lymphatic system and in immune responses?

site of T lymphocyte maturation

Lymph enters a lymph node through ____lymphatic vessels, moves slowly through the lymph____, and leaves through _____lymphatic vessels.

afferent, sinuses, efferent

Which gland secretes the hormone called thymosin?

thymus gland

Which structure functions to filter potentially harmful particles from lymph?

lymph node

As a lymphatic organ, the______ filters blood, much like the lymph nodes filter lymph fluid.

spleen

Two cell types located in lymph nodes that function to attack bacteria and destroy foreign substances as lymph is being filtered are called macrophages and_____

lymphocyte

The general term for a disease-causing organism or chemical is ____

pathogen

Which organ is the site of maturation of T lymphocytes?

thymus

Two mechanical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens into the body are ______ and______.

• mucosa

• skin

The thymus gland secretes the hormone called____, which is important for the maturation of ____cells

thymosins, T

Which of the following are part of the first line of defense against pathogens?

• Particles trapped by the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract are swept out of the airways.

• Microorganisms are washed away by tears, saliva, and urine.

• Bacteria are removed from the skin by the sloughing off of epidermal cells.

List three functions associated with the spleen.

• phagocytosis of cellular debris and bacteria in the blood

• filtration of blood

• destruction of old and fragile red blood cells

A localized reaction that produces redness, swelling, heat, and pain is called

inflammation

What is the role of leukocytes during inflammation?

to act as phagocytes

Mechanical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body are the ____and the____membranes that line the passageways of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

skin

mucus

Which are examples of chemical barriers to pathogens?

enzymes in stomach acid and tears

Hair traps infectious agents associated with the skin, providing a ______ line of defense against pathogens.

first

What is the defense function of stomach acid and the gastric enzyme called pepsin?

kill pathogens that are swallowed

Which antimicrobial protein helps to interfere with viral replication in host cells?

interferon

The lymphatic vessels that carry lymph AWAY FROM a lymph node are called ______ vessels. They leave the lymph node ______

efferent; at the hilum

List three effects of the complement system.

• enhances phagocytosis

• attracts phagocytes

• stimulates inflammation

Which cell type is attracted to areas of inflammation, due to release of chemicals by infected cells or tissues?

white blood cells

Which type of lymphocyte functions to nonspecifically target bacteria, transplanted tissue cells, virally infected cells, and cancerous host cells?

NK cell

Enzymes present in gastric juice and tears are considered a type of ___

chemical barrier

The process by which a cell removes and destroys foreign particles from fluid (blood, lymph, or interstitial fluid) is called____

phagocytosis

The process by which white blood cells move toward a chemical signal, as when they are attracted to injured tissues, is called____

positive chemotaxis

Which are characteristics of interferons?

• produced by lymphocytes and fibroblasts

• block viral replication

Which cell type found in the tissues begins as a monocyte in the blood?

macrophage

The group of plasma proteins called ______ is involved in a cascade of reactions that defend against pathogens. The result is inflammation, the attraction of phagocytes, and enhancement of phagocytosis.

complement

Which region of the brain is involved with thermoregulation (regulation of body temperature)?

hypothalamus

Natural killer (NK) cells belong to which group of cells?

lymphocytes

Describe phagocytosis.

a process where foreign particles are engulfed by a cell

The ability to distinguish molecules that are part of the body from those that are foreign is integral to the ____ line of defense against pathogens.

third

What is chemotaxis?

ability of a white blood cell to migrate toward a chemical signal

When monocytes migrate out of the bloodstream and into the tissues, they become cells called

macrophages

Which two cell types are responsible for the adaptive defenses?

• lymphocytes

• macrophages

The third line of defense against pathogens is

resistance to specific pathogens or to the toxins or metabolic products they release