3.5 HSM and TPM/CPU Features/Expansion Cards

What is a TPM?

Trusted Platform Module

What are key features of TPM?

• Hardware-based cryptographic processor

• Stores encryption keys securely on a single device

• Includes random number generator & key generation

• Unique key tied to the device (can’t be moved)

What is an HSM?

Hardware Security Module

What are key features of HSM?

• Dedicated device to secure encryption keys

• Used across multiple systems

• Common in data centers / serversCentralized key storage & backup

• Performs cryptographic operations

• Can be a plug-in card or external device

TPM vs HSM?

• TPM → single device, built-in, local security

• HSM → multiple devices, centralized, enterprise use

• TPM ≠ replacement for HSM

What is the difference between 32-bit and 64-bit CPUs?

• Determines how much data the CPU can process at once

• 32-bit → ~4 GB RAM limit

• 64-bit → supports much more memory (theoretical limit is huge)

What are OS and application compatibility differences for 32-bit vs 64-bit?

• 32-bit OS → runs only 32-bit apps

• 64-bit OS → runs 32-bit + 64-bit apps

• Drivers must match OS (x86 vs x64)

What is ARM architecture?

• CPU design by Arm Ltd. (licensed to manufacturers)

• Uses simplified instructions (RISC) (reduced instruction set computer)

• Low power, low heat

Where is ARM commonly used?

• Mobile devices and IoT

• Increasingly used in laptops/desktops

• Efficient performance per watt

What are CPU cores?

• Individual processing units inside a CPU

• Allow multiple tasks at once

• Examples: dual-core, quad-core, octa-core

How do CPU cores and cache work together?

• Each core can have its own cache

• Cores may also share cache

• Cache improves speed by storing frequently used data

What are expansion cards?

• Add functionality to a computer

• Installed in motherboard expansion slots

• Modular and easy to install

• OS usually installs drivers automatically

What connections/features do sound cards provide?

• Audio out, headphone, line-in, digital audio

• Used for recording, podcasting, music production

What is the difference between integrated and discrete graphics?

• Integrated → built into CPU, uses system RAM

• Discrete (GPU) → separate card, high performance, uses VRAM (Video RAM)

Why use a dedicated video card (GPU)?

• Better performance for gaming/video editing

• Has its own memory (VRAM)

• Provides its own display outputs (HDMI, etc.)

What is a capture card?

• Expansion card for video input

• Used for streaming and external cameras

• Installs via PCIe

What are key features of capture cards?

• Handles high video bandwidth

• Inputs like HDMI, SDI

• Requires strong performance for real-time video

What is a Network Interface Card (NIC)?

• Provides network (Ethernet) connectivity

• Can be added if motherboard lacks ports or needs more