Recording-2025-03-13T15:36:49

Frequency

The number of vibrations per second of a sound wave, measured in hertz (Hz). Human hearing ranges from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.

Pitch

The perceptual attribute of sound that allows it to be classified as relatively high or low; related to the frequency of the sound wave.

Decibel (dB)

A unit of measurement for sound intensity or loudness, where 0 dB is the threshold of hearing.

Pinna

The outer part of the ear that helps to direct sound into the ear canal and assists in sound localization.

Eustachian tube

A tube connecting the middle ear to the back of the throat that helps to equalize air pressure.

Acoustic reflex

A protective reflex that stiffens the muscles of the middle ear in response to loud sounds.

Cochlea

The spiral-shaped organ in the inner ear responsible for converting sound vibrations into neural signals.

Inner hair cells

Sensory cells in the cochlea that are primarily responsible for transmitting sound information to the auditory nerve.

Tonotopic organization

The arrangement of different frequencies along the length of the cochlea, where specific areas respond to specific pitches.

Otoacoustic emissions

Sounds generated within the cochlea that can be measured in the ear canal, reflecting the function of outer hair cells.

Vestibular system

The system in the inner ear responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation.

Semicircular canals

Three fluid-filled structures in the inner ear that help detect rotational movements.

Crista ampullaris

A sensory structure in the semicircular canals that responds to changes in angular motion.

Stereocilia

Hair-like projections on top of hair cells in the cochlea that play a crucial role in converting sound vibrations into neural signals.

Afferent fibers

Nerve fibers that carry sensory information from the sensory organs to the brain.

Efferent fibers

Nerve fibers that carry motor commands from the brain to the muscles.

Neural processing

The way the brain interprets and processes information received from the sensory organs.

Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid.

Translation

The process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins based on the information carried by mRNA.

mRNA (messenger RNA)

A type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

tRNA (transfer RNA)

A type of RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

Transcription

The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.

Peptide bond

A covalent bond formed between two amino acids during protein synthesis.