MGT 301 Chapter 11 Study Guide

According to goal-setting theory, what types of goals are motivational?

• Meaningful

• Acceptable

• Challenging but Attainable

• Specific and Quantifiable

Law of Effect

A law formulated by Edward Thorndike in 1911 stating that behavior that is followed by positive consequences will likely be repeated

The four consequences of behavior

• Positive Reinforcement

• Negative Reinforcement

• Punishment

• Extinction

Positive Reinforcement

Applying a consequence that increases the likelihood of a person repeating the behavior that led to it

Negative Reinforcement

Removing or withholding an undesirable consequence

Punishment

Administering an aversive consequence

Extinction

Withdrawing or failing to provide a reinforcing consequence

The three components of expectancy theory

• Expectancy

• Instrumentality

• Outcome Valence

Expectancy

Employees’ perception of the likelihood that their efforts will enable them to attain their performance goals

Instrumentality

The perceived likelihood that performance will be followed by a particular outcome

Outcome Valence

Outcome- a consequence a person receives for their performance; Valence- the value an outcome holds for the person contemplating it

The five job characteristics that lead to higher motivation

• Task Identity

• Task Significance

• Autonomy

• Feedback

• Skill Variety

Task Identity

The completion of a whole, identifiable piece of work

Task Significance

AN important, positive impact on the lives of others

Autonomy

Independence and discretion in making decisions

Feedback

Information about job performance

Skill Variety

Different job activities involving multiple skills and talents

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

• Physiological- food, water, sex, and shelter

• Safety or Security- protection against threat and deprivation

• Social- friendship, affection, belonging, and love

• Esteem- independence, achievement, freedom, status, recognition, and self-esteem

• Self-actualization- realizing one’s full potential; becoming everything one is capable of being

ERG Theory

A human needs theory developed by Alderfer postulating that people have three basic sets of needs that can operate simultaneously

• Existence

• Relatedness

• Growth

Existence

Needs are all material and physiological desires

Relatedness

Needs involve relationships with other people and are satisfied through the process of mutually sharing thoughts and feelings

Growth

Needs motivate people to productively or creatively change themselves or their environment for the better. Satisfaction of the growth comes from fully using personal capacities, developing new ones, and having a positive impact

What is procedural justice?

Using a fair process in decision making and making sure others know that the process was as fair as possible