HBS 3.1

Aorta

The largest artery in the body; receives blood from the left ventricle.

Aortic Valve

heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

left atrium

Chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and pumps it into systemic circulation.

left ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta

mitral valve

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve

right atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body

right ventricle

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

tricuspid valve

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

cusps

flaps of the valves (3 in tricuspid, 2 in bicuspid)

pulmonary artery

Carries deoxygentated blood from the heart to the lungs

superior vena cava

drains blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest

inferior vena cava

rains blood from the lower limbs, abdomen, and pelvis

What role do valves play in the heart?

Valves prevent the backward flow of blood through the heart.

coronary arteries

blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle

Carotid Artery

branch to supply blood to the head, including the brain and face. The right originates from the brachiocephalic artery, and the left originates from the aortic arch.

Jugular Vein

take deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart. They travel down the neck where they meet the subclavian veins and drain into the brachiocephalic veins.

subclavian artery

axillary artery

brachial artery

radial artery

ulnar artery

descending aorta (artery)

femoral artery

popliteal artery

Iliac Artery

subclavian vein

Axillary vein

Cephalic vein

Basilic vein

Iliac vein

Femoral vein

Popliteal vein

Which arteries do NOT carry blood away from the heart

pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

varicose vein

An abnormal swelling of a superficial vein of the legs.

pulse

Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries.

blood pressure

the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels

systolic pressure

Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.

diastolic pressure

Blood pressure that remains between heart contractions.

Blood pressure formula

systolic/diastolic

How do you take blood pressure?

stethoscope and sphygomomanometer on upper arm (over brachial artery)

Normal blood pressure

less than 120/80

Elevated (Prehypertension)

120-129/<80

Hypertension - Stage 1

130-139/80-89

Hypertension - Stage 2

140 or higher/90 or higher

Hypertensive Crisis (Emergency care needed)

higher than 180/higher than 110

Cardiac output (formula)

heart rate x stroke volume

cardiac output (definition)

A measure of how much blood is pumped by both ventricles in one minute; quantified as mL per minute.

heart rate

A count of how many times the heart beats in a minute; quantified as beats per minute.

stroke volume

The amount of blood being pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat; quantified as mL per beat. On average, the stroke volume remains relatively stable at 75 mL/beat.

Some of the more thrilling activities, like bungee jumping, can increase a person's heart rate significantly. If a client's heart rate jumps to 140 beats per minute, how would that affect their cardiac output?

Increase their cardiac output

Dehydration decreases cardiac output.

true

What are some consequences of low cardiac output?

Fatigue, low oxygen levels in blood, trouble breathing, hypotension

hypotension

low blood pressure

hypertension

high blood pressure

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

A measurement of heart electrical activity.

SA Node

pacemaker of the heart

AV Node

relays electrical impulses from atria into ventricles

Bundle of His

a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing them to contract

Purkinje fibers

fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract

Sequence of a normal heart electrical conduction series

SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

P Wave

depolarization of the atria

P-Q Interval

conduction time from atrial to ventricular excitation

QRS Complex

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

S-T interval

time from end of ventricular depolarization to end of ventricular repolarization

T-wave

ventricular repolarization

Conversion Formula for Beats per Minute

(1 beat/__ seconds) (60 seconds/1 minute) = (#beats/minute)

Arrhythmias

abnormal heart rhythms

Pacemakers

electronic devices that help the heart maintain normal rhythm (takes over the job of the SA node when it doesn't function properly)

Cardiopulmonary Circulation

carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back

Fissures of the lungs

2 right (oblique and horizontal) and 1 left (oblique)

nasal cavity

hollow space behind the nose

nostril

one of the two channels of the nose

oral cavity

The part of the mouth behind the gums and teeth that is bounded above by the hard and soft palates and below by the tongue and by the mucous membrane connecting it with the inner part of the mandible.

pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

larynx

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

trachea

The windpipe; a passage through which air moves in the respiratory system.

bronchus

one of the two tubes that connect the lungs with the trachea

bronchiole

Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.

alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

capillary

A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells.

Pulse Oximetry

An assessment tool that measures oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the capillary beds.

spirometry

a measurement of breathing

tidal volume

Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

top of normal breath to top of biggest breath

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

Vital Capacity (VC)

amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration

TV + IRV + ERV

residual volume

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

the volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inhalation; VC + RV

peak flow

maximum speed of expiration

pulmonary edema

fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

The cells that transport oxygen around the body. A normal RBC count is 4.0-5.9 x 106 mcL for men and 3.8-5.2 x 106 mcL for women.

total cholesterol

The total amount of cholesterol in the blood. This number can help show risk for heart disease. Ideal total cholesterol should be below 200 mg/dL.

LDL

A type of lipoprotein responsible for transporting cholesterol to the cells. LDL Levels should be below 100 mg/dL. Higher numbers could indicate a risk of heart disease.

HDL

A type of lipoprotein responsible for removing excess cholesterol from the blood stream and transporting it to the liver. HDL levels should be above 60 mg/dL. Lower numbers could indicate a risk of heart disease.

triglycerides

Higher levels of triglycerides are linked with a higher heart disease risk. Normal levels are 150 mg/dL or less.