Studied by 29 people
Canines and felines
Define “Purebred”
a member of a recognizable breed
What is a sire?
a male dog, the father of the litter
What is a dam?
a female dog, the mother of the litter
What is the name for a male canine?
a dog
What is the name for a female canine?
a bitch
What operation removes the testicles of a male dog?
neuter or castration
What operation removes the uterus and ovaries of a female dog?
spay or ovariohysterectomy
What are 3 benefits of spaying and neutering?
no accidental litters
reduces overpopulation
reduces/eliminates the risk of cancers
What cancers are prevented/reduced risk of when you neuter a dog?
prevents testicular cancer
reduces risk of prostate cancer
What diseases and/or cancers are prevented or reduced risk of when you spay a dog?
prevents pyometra
prevents false pregnancy
prevents ovarian cancer
reduces risk of mammary cancer
Are canines monoestrous or polyestrous?
monoestrous
What is the age range of sexual maturity?
6 months to 1 year
What are the main breeding recommendations for dogs?
do not breed on first heat
mother should be vaccinated prior to breeding
mother should be in good health
What is passive immunity?
the passing of antibodies against common diseases from mother to offspring via colostrum (mother’s first milk)
Is it recommended to vaccinate a pregnant dog? Why or why not?
it is not recommended to vaccinate a pregnant dog because it can lead to miscarriage and developmental issues with the offspring
What does “DHLPP” stand for?
distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, parvo, and parainfluenza
What is “DHLPP” or “DHPP” more commonly known as?
the distemper vaccine
What symptoms does distemper cause?
upper respiratory infection
neurological complications
What symptoms does parainfluenza cause?
upper respiratory infection
What is parainfluenza a viral cause of?
kennel cough
How is leptospirosis transferred?
through urine, most commonly from the urine of wild animals
What does leptospirosis cause?
liver and kidney failure
Is leptospirosis zoonotic? What does this mean?
yes, this means it can be transferred from animals to humans
Hepatitis is a type of what?
adenovirus
What are the two types of adenoviruses?
CAV 1
CAV 2
What is CAV 1?
hepatitis, inflamed liver
What is CAV 2?
upper respiratory infection
Why is the leptospirosis component left out of some vaccines?
it is most likely to cause allergic reactions
What dogs are most likely to experience allergic reactions to the leptospirosis component?
small breed dogs
What is parvo?
a virus that causes vomiting and profuse bloody diarrhea
How is parvo typically treated?
by addressing the symptoms until the virus passes
What does the typical vaccination schedule look like for puppies?
6-8 weeks: DHLPP #1
10-12 weeks: DHLPP #2 (Booster)
14-16 weeks: DHLPP #3 (Booster)
Why do puppies receive a series of DHLPP vaccinations?
maternal antibodies may be present up until 16 weeks of age, which often interferes with the vaccine
Why do puppies start to receive the DHLPP vaccine at 6-8 weeks?
passive immunity begins to decrease and puppies become susceptible to disease
What type of vaccine is DHLPP?
modified live
What does it mean if a vaccine is modified live?
a very small amount of the disease is in the vaccine
By what age are puppies legally required to have their rabies vaccine?
12 weeks
How is a rabies test performed? (on pets and wildlife)
patient is decapitated and then the brain tissue is tested for rabies
What is superfecundation? Can this happen in canines?
conception by more than one male, this can happen in canines
How is proestrus characterized in canines? How long does it last?
characterized by bloody discharge and a swollen vulva, typically lasts nine days
How is estrus characterized in canines? How long does it last?
characterized by a willingness to mate, typically lasts nine days
In what 2 ways can ovulation be determined in canines?
vaginal cytology
hormonal assay
What is a vaginal cytology? What is being looked at?
swab the vaginally cavity, evaluate vaginal epithelial cells for cornifaction
What is a hormonal assay? What is being looked at?
checking hormone levels in blood, looking for a surge in progesterone
What occurs during canine coitus?
following coitus, the two dogs will be “tied together” due to swelling of the male
What are the 4 ways pregnancy can be detected in canines?
abdominal palpitations
x-ray
ultrasound
hormonal assay
At what time can abdominal palpitations be performed on canines?
21 days
In what two types of patients would it be difficult to palpitate?
patients that are tense
patients that are obese
At what time can x-rays be used to diagnose pregnancy in canines?
45 days
What is being looked for in x-rays to diagnose pregnancy?
calcification or formation of bones
At what time can ultrasounds be used to diagnose pregnancy in canines?
20 days
What is being looked for in ultrasounds to diagnose pregnancy?
fetal heartbeats
At what time can hormonal assays be used to diagnose pregnancy in canines?
24 days
What hormone is being looked for in a hormonal assay when diagnosing pregnancy?
relaxin
Define “Whelping”
the process of giving birth in canines
On average, how long does whelping take? Does it take longer at times?
on average, it takes 6-12 hours, but it may take up to 36
Do canines require assistance during whelping?
typically, dogs will whelp their litters unassisted, there are exceptions however
What color discharge is common to be seen following whelping?
dark green discharge
What 2 things should be done to prepare a mother for whelping?
provide a whelping box
transition mother to puppy food
What is a whelping box?
a clean, soft, and quiet environment
Why should the mother be transitioned to puppy food?
to increase calorie intake
What are 6 signs of whelping?
nervousness
shaking/trembling
panting
vomitting
1 degree temperature drop (24 hours prior)
passing mucus plug
How much time should pass between the birth of each puppy?
20-60 minutes
How long should it take for all puppies to be born?
3-6 hours
What are 3 signs of dystocia in dogs?
strong contractions for 30 minutes without a puppy being born
prolonged time between each puppy (60+ minutes)
weak, infrequent contractions for 2 hours
What may done in the case of dystocia for canines?
c-section
supplementing oxytocin, calcium, and/or dextrose
What 3 things will a mother do following the whelping process?
rupture placentas
lick puppies clean
nurse
What 2 major things do colostrum (mother’s first milk) prevent for puppies?
hypoglycemia
hypothermia
Define “Hypoglycemia”
low blood sugar
Define “Hypothermia”
low body temperature
In the case of c-sections, what must techs do for the puppies?
rupture sack, dry puppies off
stimulate breathing
tie and cut umbilical cord
In what situations would neonates not be taken care of by the mother dog?
c-section (temporary care)
abandoned/orphaned puppies
mother illness
What illnesses may prevent the mother from caring for puppies?
mastitis
metritis
hypocalcemia
How often should neonatal puppies eat?
every 2 hours, including overnight
How do neonatal puppies urinate and defecate?
stimulation, either mother licking or rubbing
What environmental temperature should neonatal puppies live in?
86-90 degrees Fahrenheit
How should environmental temperature be decreased?
gradually, over the course of 3 weeks
Should puppies only have a warm environment?
no, they should have a warm zone and a cold zone for regulation
How long are dogs considered puppies?
until 1 year of age
At what time do puppies eyes open?
5-14 days
At what time do puppies ears open?
7-16 days
At what time do puppies deciduous teeth erupt?
3-4 weeks
What is gruel?
dry food that is soaked to soften and make easier to eat
At what time do deciduous teeth begin to fall out?
3 months
What time period is most critical for puppy socialization?
7 weeks-4 months
What is the most common cause of death in dogs under the age of 3 years?
euthanasia due to behavioral issues
What is panosteitis?
inflammation of the long bones
What are clinical signs of panosteitis?
shifting lameness
How is panosteitis treated?
allow it to run it’s course, manage pain
What is hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)?
painful swelling of growth plates in the legs
What are clinical signs of hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
refusal to walk
How is hypertrophic osteodystrophy treated?
treat for pain and swelling, supplement vitamin C
What is osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)?
abnormal cartilage development, cartilage seperates, dries, and/or cracks
What are clinical signs of osteochondritis dissecans?
lameness during exercise
How is osteochondritis dissecans treated?
strict rest, pain management, and/or removal of defective cartilage
What 3 things are restricted/reduced in senior diets?
reduce calories
restrict protein (or ensure high quality protein)
restrict sodium
What is the purpose of prescription diets?
to modify the cause, progression, or end stage of illness/disease
What term is commonly used to describe mixed breed cats?
domestic
What are male cats called?
toms
What are female cats called?
queens
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Flashcard (54)