VMT 115 EXAM 3

Canines and felines

Define “Purebred”

a member of a recognizable breed

What is a sire?

a male dog, the father of the litter

What is a dam?

a female dog, the mother of the litter

What is the name for a male canine?

a dog

What is the name for a female canine?

a bitch

What operation removes the testicles of a male dog?

neuter or castration

What operation removes the uterus and ovaries of a female dog?

spay or ovariohysterectomy

What are 3 benefits of spaying and neutering?

1. no accidental litters

2. reduces overpopulation

3. reduces/eliminates the risk of cancers

What cancers are prevented/reduced risk of when you neuter a dog?

1. prevents testicular cancer

2. reduces risk of prostate cancer

What diseases and/or cancers are prevented or reduced risk of when you spay a dog?

1. prevents pyometra

2. prevents false pregnancy

3. prevents ovarian cancer

4. reduces risk of mammary cancer

Are canines monoestrous or polyestrous?

monoestrous

What is the age range of sexual maturity?

6 months to 1 year

What are the main breeding recommendations for dogs?

1. do not breed on first heat

2. mother should be vaccinated prior to breeding

3. mother should be in good health

What is passive immunity?

the passing of antibodies against common diseases from mother to offspring via colostrum (mother’s first milk)

Is it recommended to vaccinate a pregnant dog? Why or why not?

it is not recommended to vaccinate a pregnant dog because it can lead to miscarriage and developmental issues with the offspring

What does “DHLPP” stand for?

distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, parvo, and parainfluenza

What is “DHLPP” or “DHPP” more commonly known as?

the distemper vaccine

What symptoms does distemper cause?

1. upper respiratory infection

2. neurological complications

What symptoms does parainfluenza cause?

upper respiratory infection

What is parainfluenza a viral cause of?

kennel cough

How is leptospirosis transferred?

through urine, most commonly from the urine of wild animals

What does leptospirosis cause?

liver and kidney failure

Is leptospirosis zoonotic? What does this mean?

yes, this means it can be transferred from animals to humans

Hepatitis is a type of what?

adenovirus

What are the two types of adenoviruses?

1. CAV 1

2. CAV 2

What is CAV 1?

hepatitis, inflamed liver

What is CAV 2?

upper respiratory infection

Why is the leptospirosis component left out of some vaccines?

it is most likely to cause allergic reactions

What dogs are most likely to experience allergic reactions to the leptospirosis component?

small breed dogs

What is parvo?

a virus that causes vomiting and profuse bloody diarrhea

How is parvo typically treated?

by addressing the symptoms until the virus passes

What does the typical vaccination schedule look like for puppies?

6-8 weeks: DHLPP #1

10-12 weeks: DHLPP #2 (Booster)

14-16 weeks: DHLPP #3 (Booster)

Why do puppies receive a series of DHLPP vaccinations?

maternal antibodies may be present up until 16 weeks of age, which often interferes with the vaccine

Why do puppies start to receive the DHLPP vaccine at 6-8 weeks?

passive immunity begins to decrease and puppies become susceptible to disease

What type of vaccine is DHLPP?

modified live

What does it mean if a vaccine is modified live?

a very small amount of the disease is in the vaccine

By what age are puppies legally required to have their rabies vaccine?

12 weeks

How is a rabies test performed? (on pets and wildlife)

patient is decapitated and then the brain tissue is tested for rabies

What is superfecundation? Can this happen in canines?

conception by more than one male, this can happen in canines

How is proestrus characterized in canines? How long does it last?

characterized by bloody discharge and a swollen vulva, typically lasts nine days

How is estrus characterized in canines? How long does it last?

characterized by a willingness to mate, typically lasts nine days

In what 2 ways can ovulation be determined in canines?

1. vaginal cytology

2. hormonal assay

What is a vaginal cytology? What is being looked at?

swab the vaginally cavity, evaluate vaginal epithelial cells for cornifaction

What is a hormonal assay? What is being looked at?

checking hormone levels in blood, looking for a surge in progesterone

What occurs during canine coitus?

following coitus, the two dogs will be “tied together” due to swelling of the male

What are the 4 ways pregnancy can be detected in canines?

1. abdominal palpitations

2. x-ray

3. ultrasound

4. hormonal assay

At what time can abdominal palpitations be performed on canines?

21 days

In what two types of patients would it be difficult to palpitate?

1. patients that are tense

2. patients that are obese

At what time can x-rays be used to diagnose pregnancy in canines?

45 days

What is being looked for in x-rays to diagnose pregnancy?

calcification or formation of bones

At what time can ultrasounds be used to diagnose pregnancy in canines?

20 days

What is being looked for in ultrasounds to diagnose pregnancy?

fetal heartbeats

At what time can hormonal assays be used to diagnose pregnancy in canines?

24 days

What hormone is being looked for in a hormonal assay when diagnosing pregnancy?

relaxin

Define “Whelping”

the process of giving birth in canines

On average, how long does whelping take? Does it take longer at times?

on average, it takes 6-12 hours, but it may take up to 36

Do canines require assistance during whelping?

typically, dogs will whelp their litters unassisted, there are exceptions however

What color discharge is common to be seen following whelping?

dark green discharge

What 2 things should be done to prepare a mother for whelping?

1. provide a whelping box

2. transition mother to puppy food

What is a whelping box?

a clean, soft, and quiet environment

Why should the mother be transitioned to puppy food?

to increase calorie intake

What are 6 signs of whelping?

1. nervousness

2. shaking/trembling

3. panting

4. vomitting

5. 1 degree temperature drop (24 hours prior)

6. passing mucus plug

How much time should pass between the birth of each puppy?

20-60 minutes

How long should it take for all puppies to be born?

3-6 hours

What are 3 signs of dystocia in dogs?

1. strong contractions for 30 minutes without a puppy being born

2. prolonged time between each puppy (60+ minutes)

3. weak, infrequent contractions for 2 hours

What may done in the case of dystocia for canines?

1. c-section

2. supplementing oxytocin, calcium, and/or dextrose

What 3 things will a mother do following the whelping process?

1. rupture placentas

2. lick puppies clean

3. nurse

What 2 major things do colostrum (mother’s first milk) prevent for puppies?

1. hypoglycemia

2. hypothermia

Define “Hypoglycemia”

low blood sugar

Define “Hypothermia”

low body temperature

In the case of c-sections, what must techs do for the puppies?

1. rupture sack, dry puppies off

2. stimulate breathing

3. tie and cut umbilical cord

In what situations would neonates not be taken care of by the mother dog?

1. c-section (temporary care)

2. abandoned/orphaned puppies

3. mother illness

What illnesses may prevent the mother from caring for puppies?

1. mastitis

2. metritis

3. hypocalcemia

How often should neonatal puppies eat?

every 2 hours, including overnight

How do neonatal puppies urinate and defecate?

stimulation, either mother licking or rubbing

What environmental temperature should neonatal puppies live in?

86-90 degrees Fahrenheit

How should environmental temperature be decreased?

gradually, over the course of 3 weeks

Should puppies only have a warm environment?

no, they should have a warm zone and a cold zone for regulation

How long are dogs considered puppies?

until 1 year of age

At what time do puppies eyes open?

5-14 days

At what time do puppies ears open?

7-16 days

At what time do puppies deciduous teeth erupt?

3-4 weeks

What is gruel?

dry food that is soaked to soften and make easier to eat

At what time do deciduous teeth begin to fall out?

3 months

What time period is most critical for puppy socialization?

7 weeks-4 months

What is the most common cause of death in dogs under the age of 3 years?

euthanasia due to behavioral issues

What is panosteitis?

inflammation of the long bones

What are clinical signs of panosteitis?

shifting lameness

How is panosteitis treated?

allow it to run it’s course, manage pain

What is hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)?

painful swelling of growth plates in the legs

What are clinical signs of hypertrophic osteodystrophy?

refusal to walk

How is hypertrophic osteodystrophy treated?

treat for pain and swelling, supplement vitamin C

What is osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)?

abnormal cartilage development, cartilage seperates, dries, and/or cracks

What are clinical signs of osteochondritis dissecans?

lameness during exercise

How is osteochondritis dissecans treated?

strict rest, pain management, and/or removal of defective cartilage

What 3 things are restricted/reduced in senior diets?

1. reduce calories

2. restrict protein (or ensure high quality protein)

3. restrict sodium

What is the purpose of prescription diets?

to modify the cause, progression, or end stage of illness/disease

What term is commonly used to describe mixed breed cats?

domestic

What are male cats called?

toms

What are female cats called?

queens