Chapter 24
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Last updated 7:13 PM on 2/1/23
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13 Terms
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characteristics of fungi
Kingdom Fungi contains **80,000 species**
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Mostly **multicellular eukaryotes** that share a common mode of nutrition
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**Heterotrophic**
Cells release digestive enzymes and then **absorb** resultant nutrient molecules
Most are **saprobes**, some are **parasitic**
Several in **mutualistic relationships** with plants or other organisms
**Biggest organism** on Earth is a **fungus**
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Mostly **multicellular eukaryotes** that share a common mode of nutrition
\
**Heterotrophic**
Cells release digestive enzymes and then **absorb** resultant nutrient molecules
Most are **saprobes**, some are **parasitic**
Several in **mutualistic relationships** with plants or other organisms
**Biggest organism** on Earth is a **fungus**
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evolution of fungi
Plants, animals, and fungi trace their ancestry to protists
Molecular data tells that animals and fungi shared a common ancestor after plants evolved.
**Animals and fungi are more closely related** to each other than either is to plants.
**Flagellated unicellular protist**, was most likely the **common ancestor**
Molecular data tells that animals and fungi shared a common ancestor after plants evolved.
**Animals and fungi are more closely related** to each other than either is to plants.
**Flagellated unicellular protist**, was most likely the **common ancestor**
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structure of fungi
Body (**thallus**) of most fungi is **multicellular mycelium**
yeasts are **unicellular**
Mycelium = vast network of thread-like **hyphae**
**Septate** fungi have hyphae with cross walls
**Nonseptate** fungi are multinucleated
Hyphae grow from tip
Gives the mycelium a **large surface area per unit volume**
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Cell walls of **chitin**, like insect exoskeleton
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Excess food stored as **glycogen** as in animals
yeasts are **unicellular**
Mycelium = vast network of thread-like **hyphae**
**Septate** fungi have hyphae with cross walls
**Nonseptate** fungi are multinucleated
Hyphae grow from tip
Gives the mycelium a **large surface area per unit volume**
\
Cell walls of **chitin**, like insect exoskeleton
\
Excess food stored as **glycogen** as in animals
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reproduction of fungi
Both **sexual** (in most) and **asexual** reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves three stages:
**Haploid** Hyphae
**Dikaryotic (**aka **heterokaryotic)** Stage
**Diploid** Zygote
Sexual reproduction involves three stages:
**Haploid** Hyphae
**Dikaryotic (**aka **heterokaryotic)** Stage
**Diploid** Zygote
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fungi phyla
**Chytridiomycota: The Chytrids**
**Zygomycota: The Conjugated Fungi**
**Ascomycota: The Sac Fungi**
**Basidiomycota: The Club Fungi**
**Glomeromycota**
**Deuteromycota: The Imperfect Fungi**
**Zygomycota: The Conjugated Fungi**
**Ascomycota: The Sac Fungi**
**Basidiomycota: The Club Fungi**
**Glomeromycota**
**Deuteromycota: The Imperfect Fungi**
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**Chytridiomycota**
Simplest
Most primitive
1st appeared – 500 mya
Some have cellulose
Some have chitin
Most Unicellular
Some Multicellular
Most – aquatic
Some land
Parasites
Saprobes
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
Most primitive
1st appeared – 500 mya
Some have cellulose
Some have chitin
Most Unicellular
Some Multicellular
Most – aquatic
Some land
Parasites
Saprobes
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
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zygomycota
Molds
Bread
Fruit
Saprobes - most
Parasites – few
Used to produce Steroid hormones
Asexual Reproduction – usually
Sexual Reproduction – unfavorable conditions
Bread
Fruit
Saprobes - most
Parasites – few
Used to produce Steroid hormones
Asexual Reproduction – usually
Sexual Reproduction – unfavorable conditions
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sac fungi
**Ascomycota** - about 60,000 species of sac fungi
Form ‘ascus’ – sac-like structure contain **Ascospores**
Most are saprotrophs can digest cellulose, lignin, or collagen
asexual(norm) and sexual
Form ‘ascus’ – sac-like structure contain **Ascospores**
Most are saprotrophs can digest cellulose, lignin, or collagen
asexual(norm) and sexual
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club fungi
**Basidiomycota** – 22,000 spp
Club shaped fruiting bodies = Basidia
\-Body = Mycellium
underground
\-Also called – Gill Fungi
Compact hyphae on fruiting body
\-Edible and Toxic varieties
\-Alternation of Generations Life Cycle
Sexual(norm) and asexual reproduction
Sexual Reproduction produces Spores
Club shaped fruiting bodies = Basidia
\-Body = Mycellium
underground
\-Also called – Gill Fungi
Compact hyphae on fruiting body
\-Edible and Toxic varieties
\-Alternation of Generations Life Cycle
Sexual(norm) and asexual reproduction
Sexual Reproduction produces Spores
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glomeromycota
New Phyla
No sexual reproduction
Associated with Roots of Trees
Symbiotic Relationship
No sexual reproduction
Associated with Roots of Trees
Symbiotic Relationship
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symbiotic relationships
lichens
mycorrhizae
mycorrhizae
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Lichen
**Symbiotic association between a fungus and a cyanobacterium or green algae**
Specialized fungal hyphae penetrate photosynthetic symbiont
Transfer nutrients directly to the fungus
Specialized fungal hyphae penetrate photosynthetic symbiont
Transfer nutrients directly to the fungus
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Mycorrhizae
Mutualistic relationships between soil fungi and the roots of most familiar plants
Give plant greater absorptive surface
Help plants acquire mineral nutrients
Can be ecto- or endomycorrhizae
Give plant greater absorptive surface
Help plants acquire mineral nutrients
Can be ecto- or endomycorrhizae