Chapter 6 History Multiple Choice

A

According to the Scottish Realist philosophers,

a. the mind is composed of a set of faculties

b. the mind is really nothing more than an assortment of associated ideas based on experience

c. we cannot really be sure about the reality of objects around us

d. there is nothing in the mind that was not first in the senses

D

Faculty psychology derived from

a. British Empiricist thought

b. associationism

c. Hume's skepticism

d. Scottish Realist philosophy

B

The Scottish Realist philosopher Thomas Reid divided the faculties into two broad categories,

a. innate and learned

b. intellectual and active

c. those localized in the brain; those spread throughout the rest of the body

d. cognitive and emotional

C

Prior to William James, what was true about psychology in America?

a. it didn't really exist

b. it was based entirely on the Wundtian model

c. it was modeled on faculty psychology

d. it was taught as part of the biology curriculum

A

Today you begin studying psychology by signing up for General Psychology. If you were a student in 1840 and wanted to take an introductory psychology course, what would happen?

a. you would take a course called "Mental Philosophy"

b. you would have to take a biology course

c. you would be out of luck—psychology didn't exist then

d. you would have to go to Germany and study psychophysics

D

American psychology's first textbook was

a. William James's Principles of Psychology

b. Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics

c. Wundt's Principles of Physiological Psychology

d. Upham's Elements of Mental Philosophy

A

Which of the following is true about Upham's Elements of Mental Philosophy?

a. it was based on faculty psychology

b. it included information about the new experimental psychology found in Germany

c. it proclaimed that psychology was an empirical science

d. it deliberately avoided any discussion of morality

B

Upham's Elements of Mental Philosophy included all of the following except

a. discussion of intellectual faculties

b. research into thresholds

c. discussion of association

d. morality

C

Upham's Elements of Mental Philosophy was divided into three main sections,

a. intelligence, language, the will

b. the mind, the body, the soul

c. the intellect, emotion, and action

d. sensation, perception, consciousness

D

Upham later took a part of his Elements of Mental Philosophy and expanded it into a book of its own. Which part?

a. sensation and perception

b. the moral sensibilities or conscience

c. association and memory

d. disordered action (insanity)

A

Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore was founded in 1876. It was

a. patterned after German universities that emphasized research

b. established by the Morrill Land Grant Act

c. created for the purpose of training ministers

d. designed for undergraduate education only

C

Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore was founded in 1876. It was (DUPLICATE W WRONG ANSWER)

a. patterned after German universities that emphasized research

b. established by the Morrill Land Grant Act

c. created for the purpose of training ministers

d. designed for undergraduate education only

D

According to the variability hypothesis

a. greater variability in a trait is a bad thing for species survival

b. men's average intelligence was greater than women's, but women showed more extreme

scores (very high and very low)

c. women were considered to be intellectually incapacitated once a month

d. men showed a greater degree of variability in intelligence then women

A

A study by Bache compared the reaction times of whites, blacks, and Native Americans. Which of the followed occurred?

a. whites were slowest, a result interpreted as showing they were less impulsive than the two

other groups

b. blacks and Native Americans were slower than whites, a result consistent with white

superiority (this was during Galton's time, when fast reaction time was considered a good

thing)

c. there were no differences, but Bache altered the data to make whites look better

d. whites and Native Americans were fast and blacks were slow, a result that reinforced

stereotypes of black inferiority

C

Near the turn of the century, Stetson found that black and white children did not differ in their ability to memorize poems. He concluded that

a. there were no significant racial differences in memory

b. the blacks must have cheated

c. memorization must be a poor test of intelligence

d. there might be racial differences in IQ for adults, but there weren't any for children

B

For an African-American with an advanced degree in psychology in, say, 1950, what was the most likely employment?

a. faculty position at a major university, because of preferential hiring

b. teaching at a historically black college

c. physical labor

d. none of these—no African American earned an degree in psychology until the 1970s

B

All of the following is true about the career of Francis Sumner except

a. he was the first African-American to earn a doctorate in psychology

b. his doctoral dissertation, completed at Howard University, was on race psychology

c. his dissertation was a critical examination of Freudian and Adlerian psychoanalysis

d. one of his students, Kenneth Clark, became APA president

B

Francis Sumner was

a. a student of Kenneth Clark, who was the first African-American to earn a doctorate

in psychology

b. mentor to the two African-American psychologists who did a famous study on the

preferences of black children for black or white dolls

c. both a student of Kenneth Clark, who was the first African-American to earn a doctorate

in psychology and mentor to the two African-American psychologists who did a famous study on the

preferences of black children for black or white dolls

d. none of these

A

In their study of doll preferences, Clark and Clark

a. found evidence that was eventually cited in the Brown v. Board of Education case that

eliminated segregated schools

b. showed that black children did not feel inferior to white children—they tended to choose

black dolls

c. failed to find racial differences in doll preferences

d. found that white children preferred male dolls, while black children preferred female dolls

D

Both Kenneth B. and Mamie Phipps Clark were

a. presidents of APA

b. prevented from earning PhDs because of racism

c. both long-time faculty members at Howard University

d. students of Francis Sumner at Howard University

C

In their doll studies, the Clarks discovered that African American children

a. did not understand what to do with dolls—because of poverty, they had not experienced

dolls before

b. were very aggressive towards dolls, reflecting the pent up effects of racism

c. preferred light-skinned dolls to darker-skinned dolls

d. all of these

A

. William James

a. thought of himself more as a philosopher than as a psychologist, especially after 1892

b. always loved the precision of laboratory work

c. was a leader in the fight to establish the truth of materialism

d. rejected spiritualism, fearing that it would harm the reputation of the new science of

psychology

B

Which of the following is true about William James?

a. he was a strong advocate of the philosophical position of materialism

b. he judged the value of ideas like "free will" in terms of their usefulness

c. he believed that the claims of spiritualists should be rejected without being taken

seriously; they were undermining the scientific status of psychology

C

With which of the following statements would William James be most likely to agree?

a. when we see a bear, we experience the emotion of fear, and as a result we run away

b. the proper way to study consciousness is to analyze it into its fundamental units

c. the function of habit is to allow consciousness to focus on more important matters having to

do with adapting to the environment

d. as a young science, psychology must gain respectability and cannot afford to be associated

with the ridiculous claims made by believers in spiritualism

C

According to William James's philosophy,

a. materialism is the most reasonable belief for an educated person to hold

b. first, you must establish the absolute truth of some proposition by using reason and

logic; then you can decide if it is useful (or "pragmatic")

c. a proposition can be considered to be true if it is in some way useful for the individual in

adapting to the environment

d. any position contending that truth is relative cannot be true

C

According to William James, which of the following is true about consciousness?

a. it is best thought of as analogous to a train—one unit, but can be broken down into units

b. it cannot be observed directly; therefore it cannot be of interest to scientific psychology

c. it is personal, ever changing, and selective

d. it can be conceived of as the sum total of our experiences, with its elements connected

through associations

D

According to William James, which of the following is true about consciousness? (DUPLICATE W WRONG ANSWER)

a. it is best thought of as analogous to a train—one unit, but can be broken down into units

b. it cannot be observed directly; therefore it cannot be of interest to scientific psychology

c. it is personal, ever changing, and selective

d. it can be conceived of as the sum total of our experiences, with its elements connected

through associations

D

Which of the following statements would you be least likely to find in a letter by William James concerning psychical research?

a. many so-called mediums practice deception, but we should keep an open mind and

carefully and objectively investigate them anyway

b. one perplexing problem is that spirit-controls seem only to bring up trivial issues

(e.g., the dead husband asking why his wife moved his photo)

c. I have studied Mrs. Piper and I can find no evidence of fakery or fraud on her part

d. as a young science, psychology must gain respectability and cannot afford to be

associated with such controversial research

C

In the Principles, James defined psychology as

a. the study of immediate conscious experience

b. the scientific study of observable human behavior

c. the science of mental life

d. the study of human faculties

A

Concerning methodology, which of the following methods did James believe to be the most essential?

a. introspection

b. reaction time

c. psychophysics

d. surveys

A

. James was critical of all of the following research methods except

a. introspection

b. reaction time

c. psychophysics

d. surveys

D

What did William James think of the reaction time and psychophysics research that originated in Germany?

a. he valued the methods highly because of the precision involved

b. he valued them because he realized that if psychology was to become a science, it

needed to quantify its phenomena

c. both he valued the methods highly because of the precision involved and he valued them because he realized that if psychology was to become a science, it needed to quantify its phenomena

d. none of these—he referred to them sarcastically as "brass instrument" psychology

B

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion,

a. we react with physical emotions only after we have made a cognitive appraisal of

the situation we happen to be in

b. the strong emotions are each associated with a unique pattern of bodily action

c. emotions can be defined as tendencies to act

d. the proper sequence is: we meet a bear, are frightened, and run

A

According to James, what was the proper metaphor for the mind?

a. stream

b. train

c. chain

d. any of these would be appropriate

A

To support of his theory of emotion, James argued that

a. if you remove the bodily actions from the description of a strong emotion, there is

nothing left (no "mind-stuff")

b. emotions fail to occur unless we first make a cognitive appraisal of the situation

c. all strong emotions have exactly the same pattern of physiological arousal

d. all emotions are instinctive

B

. If the James-Lange theory of emotion is true, it follows that

a. all strong emotions must have exactly the same pattern of physiological arousal

b. if you force yourself to smile, your mood will become positive

c. both all strong emotions must have exactly the same pattern of physiological arousal and if you force yourself to smile, your mood will become positive

d. none of these

C

All of the following are associated with G. Stanley Hall except

a. founded and became first president of APA

b. created American Journal of Psychology, America's first psychology journal

c. became first American student to earn a doctorate at Leipzig with Wundt

d. was first president of Clark University

A

. G. Stanley Hall is known as the first person to accomplish a number of things. Which of the following is not one of his "firsts?"

a. he was the first American to be named the official "assistant" in Wundt's laboratory

b. he was the first president of America's first "graduate student only" university

(Clark University)

c. he was the founder and first president of the American Psychological Association

d. he founded the first journal in the United States devoted exclusively to psychology

C

As a developmental psychologist, Hall believed that

a. adolescence should not be seen as a distinct "stage"—the storm and stress idea is not

valid

b. the development of the individual mirrors the evolution of the species

c. strict discipline needs to be in place in the schools

d. adolescents and the elderly could be studied empirically, but children could not (no

capacity for introspection)

D

By "genetic" psychology, Hall meant

a. comparative psychology

b. developmental psychology

c. abnormal psychology

d. all of these were included

A

With which of the following statements would Hall agree?

a. education should not get in the way of a child's natural curiosity

b. children do not have sexual interests (i.e., he disagreed strongly with Freud)

c. psychologists should study humans—comparative psychology is irrelevant

d. children are better off being raised in the city than being raised in the country

c

Which of the following is inappropriately paired?

a. Hall—adolescence

b. Calkins—paired associate learning

c. Washburn—evolutionary theory of color vision

d. Small—invented animal mazes

B

While at Johns Hopkins University, Hall

a. created maze learning as a method

b. created the first research laboratory of experimental psychology in America

c. brought Freud to America for a lecture series

d. completed his doctoral dissertation on the muscular perception of space

C

While at Clark University, Hall became known for

a. limiting laboratory work to human psychology

b. emphasizing undergraduate research and downplaying graduate study

c. his Monday evening seminars for graduate students

d. creating the first research laboratory of experimental psychology in America

B

Which of the following is true about Small's maze learning research?

a. his first maze was a simple T-shaped maze

b. his analysis of maze learning was criticized for being overly anthropomorphic

c. he thought about using the Hampton Court maze as a model, but decided that maze was

too complex

d. he concluded that the sense of vision was essential in order for the rats to learn the maze

B

On the basis of his questionnaire research of children, Hall concluded that

a. schools were too permissive—more discipline was needed

b. children should be raised in the country, not the city

c. children are much more knowledgeable than people think they are

d. it is essential to eliminate any early sexuality on the part of children

A

Which of the following is appropriately matched?

a. Hall—adolescence is storm and stress

b. James—consciousness is like a train

c. Calkins—famous textbook in comparative psychology

d. Ladd-Franklin—invented paired associates learning

B

What did Miles discover about the origins of the stylus maze?

a. Boring claimed credit for the invention

b. its invention appeared to be an example of a multiple

c. it had been invented long before animal mazes were put into use by Small at Clark

d. it was first used as a way of measuring IQ

C

I began graduate studies as a "guest" at Columbia but was advised to go to Cornell, where I would be able to earn a doctorate in psychology (which I did). Who am I?

a. Mary Whiton Calkins

b. Christine Ladd-Franklin

c. Margaret Washburn

d. Lucy Day Boring

A

All of the following characterized the career of Mary Calkins except

a. published an important evolutionary theory of color vision

b. published important works on "self" psychology

c. invented a well-known procedure for investigating memory

d. worked in the Harvard lab of Hugo Münsterberg

A

The education of Mary Calkins included

a. completing a dissertation on association under the direction of Hugo Münsterberg

b. earning a doctorate from Clark University after studying with Edmund Sanford

c. being E. B. Titchener's first doctoral student at Cornell

d. being the only woman in Wundt's lab at Leipzig

D

A method of paired associate learning was developed by

a. Edmund Sanford

b. Willard Small

c. Margaret Washburn

d. Mary Calkins

C

Of the psychologists in Chapter 6, who wrote a well-known (multiple editions) text on comparative psychology?

a. Mary Calkins

b. Edmund Sanford

c. Margaret Washburn

d. Christine Ladd-Franklin

C

In her research on memory, Calkins

a. relied exclusively on introspection as a method

b. created stimulus-response pairs to learn that were based on word association norms

c. concluded that frequency was more important than recency, primacy, or vividness as

a predictor of recall

d. found that the only factor to improve memory was repetition

B

. In her memory research, Calkins found that

a. primacy enhanced memory, but recency did not

b. simultaneous and successive association produced equal levels of recall

c. making a particular stimulus more "vivid" actually reduced recall

d. recall was enhanced by primacy, recency, vividness, but not by frequency

A

Calkins studied with all of the following except

a. Hall

b. Sanford

c. James

d. Münsterberg

b

Margaret Washburn

a. was best known for her research on color vision

b. was the first person to earn a PhD from E. B. Titchener

c. was the first woman to make a presentation at a meeting of E. B. Titchener's group of

"Experimentalists"

d. all of these

A

. I published on binocular vision in the very first issue of the American Journal of Psychology and I later became the first woman to be present at a meeting of E. B. Titchener's group of "Experimentalists." Who am I?

a. Christine Ladd-Franklin

b. Margaret Washburn

c. Mary Calkins

d. Laurel Furumoto

D

My reputation is based primarily on my ability as a textbook writer. My Elements of Physiological Psychology, which appeared in 1887, was the first detailed description of the new Wundtian laboratory psychology in the English language. I spent most of my career at Yale. Who am I?

a. James Mark Baldwin

b. William James

c. G. Stanley Hall

d. George Trumbull Ladd

B

Which of the following is true about James Mark Baldwin?

a. he earned his reputation primarily through the writing of textbooks

b. his books on development were heavily influenced by evolutionary theory

c. he founded the first psychology laboratory in Mexico

d. he contributed more to empirical research than to theory

C

I established the first psychology laboratory (a) in Canada, and (b) at Princeton University. Who am I?

a. G. Stanley Hall

b. George Trumball Ladd

c. James Mark Baldwin

d. Edmund Sanford