Studied by 14 people
Ottoman Empire
Multi-ethnic, reached its military peak in late 17th century
Ottoman Empire Decline
Massive corruption, misuse of tax revenues, lacked industrialization
Territorial Losses of Ottoman Empire
Russia took territories in Caucasus and Central Asia from the Ottoman Empire
Reforms of Ottoman Empire by Sultan
Sultan Selim III remodeled army based on European armies
Janissaries
Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan
Sultan Mahmud II (1808-1839)
reformed schools, taxation, built telegraph, postal service
Tanzimat Era
pace of reform accelerated, new law codes drafted in the Ottoman Empire
Young Turks
wanted constitutional government, called for rapid secular reforms and a separation of government and religion
Emancipation of the Serfs
Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; was not wholeheartedly; serfs forced to pay for lands they had farmed for generations
Zemstvos
local governments
Witte System
Massive railraod construction in Russia, Trans-Siberan railraod
Crimean War (1853-1856)
Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires;
Russia threatened to upset European balance of power, led European nations to become involed in the conflict; Russian defeat showed their industrial weaknesses
Intelligentsia
intellectual elite that spread radical ideas for change
Tsar Alexander II
assassinated in 1881 by People's Will movement
Progoms
hate crimes against jews
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Russian loss exposed government and industrial weakness
Cohongs
Specially licensed Chinese firms that were under strict government regulation
British East India Company
heavily interested in opium trade
Opium
Grown in India, sold illegally in China for silver
The Opium War (1839-1842)
a conflict between Britain and China, over Britain's opium trade in China;Chinese defeated by British Naval Forces
Unequal Treaties (Treaty of Nanjing 1842)
Treaty between Britain and China after first opium war where Britain gained unrestrained access to China's main ports and could bypass laws.
Taiping Rebellion
a mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan
The Taiping Program
Abolition of private property, creation of communal wealth, prohibition of foot binding, concubines, free public education, simplification of written Chinese
Taiping Defeat
Nanjing captured in 1858, made into capital;Taipings needed to be defeated so regional armies merged with Manchu soldiers and were utilized with European weaponry; Hong committed suicide in 1864 and Nainjing was recaptured
The Self Strengthening Movement
"Chinese learning at the base, Western learning for use." Changes in economy and scoeity were superficial
Spheres of Influence
China lost tributary states to the Europeans and Japanese
Lost Tributary States
Vietnam to France, 1886
Burma to Great Britain, 1885
Korea, Taiwan, and Liaodong Peninsula to Japan, 1895
Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908)
diverted funds for her own aesthetic purpose, did not care for the nation of China
Hundred Days Reform
Pro-industrialization; Emperor Guagngxu (empress nephew) attempted to implement reforms, Empress nullified reforms and imprisoned emperor
The Boxer Rebellion
1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.
Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists
"boxers"
Republic of China
China becomes a republic in 1912
Tokugawa Shonugate Reforms (1841-1843)
Canceled daimyo, samurai debts, Abolished merchant guilds, Compelled peasants to return to cultivating rice
Matthew Perry
commodore of the US Navy who opened up Japan with the Treaty of Kanagawa
The Meiji Restoration
Goals of prosperity and strength: "rich country, strong army"
Resolved to learn western technology
Invites western influence into Japan
Japan builds a strong army and a boost to industrialization
Zaibatsu
powerful banking and industrial families in Japan
Note
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