AP World History - Society at a Crossroads

Ottoman Empire, Russia, China, Japan

Ottoman Empire

Multi-ethnic, reached its military peak in late 17th century

Ottoman Empire Decline

Massive corruption, misuse of tax revenues, lacked industrialization

Territorial Losses of Ottoman Empire

Russia took territories in Caucasus and Central Asia from the Ottoman Empire

Reforms of Ottoman Empire by Sultan

Sultan Selim III remodeled army based on European armies

Janissaries

Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan

Sultan Mahmud II (1808-1839)

reformed schools, taxation, built telegraph, postal service

Tanzimat Era

pace of reform accelerated, new law codes drafted in the Ottoman Empire

Young Turks

wanted constitutional government, called for rapid secular reforms and a separation of government and religion

Emancipation of the Serfs

Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; was not wholeheartedly; serfs forced to pay for lands they had farmed for generations

Zemstvos

local governments

Witte System

Massive railraod construction in Russia, Trans-Siberan railraod

Crimean War (1853-1856)

Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires;

Russia threatened to upset European balance of power, led European nations to become involed in the conflict; Russian defeat showed their industrial weaknesses

Intelligentsia

intellectual elite that spread radical ideas for change

Tsar Alexander II

assassinated in 1881 by People's Will movement

Progoms

hate crimes against jews

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Russian loss exposed government and industrial weakness

Cohongs

Specially licensed Chinese firms that were under strict government regulation

British East India Company

heavily interested in opium trade

Opium

Grown in India, sold illegally in China for silver

The Opium War (1839-1842)

a conflict between Britain and China, over Britain's opium trade in China;Chinese defeated by British Naval Forces

Unequal Treaties (Treaty of Nanjing 1842)

Treaty between Britain and China after first opium war where Britain gained unrestrained access to China's main ports and could bypass laws.

Taiping Rebellion

a mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan

The Taiping Program

Abolition of private property, creation of communal wealth, prohibition of foot binding, concubines, free public education, simplification of written Chinese

Taiping Defeat

Nanjing captured in 1858, made into capital;Taipings needed to be defeated so regional armies merged with Manchu soldiers and were utilized with European weaponry; Hong committed suicide in 1864 and Nainjing was recaptured

The Self Strengthening Movement

"Chinese learning at the base, Western learning for use." Changes in economy and scoeity were superficial

Spheres of Influence

China lost tributary states to the Europeans and Japanese

Lost Tributary States

Vietnam to France, 1886

Burma to Great Britain, 1885

Korea, Taiwan, and Liaodong Peninsula to Japan, 1895

Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908)

diverted funds for her own aesthetic purpose, did not care for the nation of China

Hundred Days Reform

Pro-industrialization; Emperor Guagngxu (empress nephew) attempted to implement reforms, Empress nullified reforms and imprisoned emperor

The Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists

"boxers"

Republic of China

China becomes a republic in 1912

Tokugawa Shonugate Reforms (1841-1843)

Canceled daimyo, samurai debts, Abolished merchant guilds, Compelled peasants to return to cultivating rice

Matthew Perry

commodore of the US Navy who opened up Japan with the Treaty of Kanagawa

The Meiji Restoration

Goals of prosperity and strength: "rich country, strong army"

Resolved to learn western technology

Invites western influence into Japan

Japan builds a strong army and a boost to industrialization

Zaibatsu

powerful banking and industrial families in Japan