Psychology 101:04 Exam 3 Study Guide - Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

what is the representativeness heuristic?

tendency to see someone or something as belonging to a particular group or category by evaluating how similar this person or thing is to a typical person or thing in that category

what are base rates?

frequency with which given events or cases occur in the population

what is the base-rate fallacy?

using the representativeness heuristic means ignoring base rates

what is the availability heuristic?

strategy for making judgments based on how easily specific kinds of information can be brought to mind

what is the simulation heuristic(counterfactural thinking)?

imagining alternative version of actual events shapes emotional response

what are the outcomes of bilingualism?

Knowing more than 1 language offers several benefits

Greater cognitive flexibility

Protection against cognitive decline

Higher academic achievement in upper grades

Better executive control

Additional area of brain activation

what is the perserverance effect(belief perseverance)?

beliefs tend to persist in the face of disconfirming information

what is confirmation bias?

tendency to search for and use information that is consistent with our existing beliefs

What is stereotype threat?

threat felt when stereotype is salient to targets of negative stereotypes (Steele &Aronson, 1995)

How can stereotype threat be combatted?

Education about stereotype threat

Role models

Self-affirmation

Growth mindset

what is fixed mindset

Fixed mindset - performance is assumed to reflect ability that is unchangeable

what is growth mindset

Growth mindset - performance is assumed to reflect effort that is modifiable

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

list of ascending needs from basic to more complex

What is self-actualization?

need to find self-fulfillment and realize one's potential

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

First, we experience physiological arousal or behavior in response to stimuli

Due to the physiological response or behavior, we experience emotion

Physiological arousal or behavior -> emotion

What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

Emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously

Physiological arousal--emotion

What is Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion?

Understanding our emotions involves two steps:

1) First, we experience physiological arousal

2) Next, we interpret the reason for our physiological arousal- provide an explanation or label for it

As a result of our interpretation, we experience emotion

Physiological arousal -> interpretation -> emotion

What was found in the angry/happy man study (Schachter & Singer, 1962)?

Participants injected with epinephrine (or placebo)

Participants told or not told that injection would cause arousal

Confederate behaved in angry or happy way

Participants labeled emotion

What is the misattribution of arousal?

making a mistaken inference about the cause of arousal

What was found in Dutton and Aron's (1974) study with the wobbly bridge?

Dutton & Aron found that men on a scary bridge were more attracted to a woman than men on a stable bridge, showing that fear-related arousal can be mistaken for attraction.

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

Act of forming a facial expression elicits the corresponding emotion