Studied by 1 person
the interaction of nature and nurture before birth is apparent when things go wrong, especially in the case of _________
teratogens
nature equips babies with a host of qualities that elicit _______________ from parents and other caregivers
appropriate nurture
timing of exposure to teratogens greatly influences their effects on ____________
prenatal development
many genetically influenced properties do not become evident until _________________
middle childhood, adolescence, or adulthood
factors other than genes also have a role in terms of support from ___________________
famiily and peers, and values of the broader society
infants’ and older children’s actions produce _______ in other people, which further shape the children’s development
reactions
How do children contribute to their own development?
physically interacting with the environment
interpreting their experinece
regulating their behaviour
eliciting reactions from other people
in the womb, fetuses make breathing movements that ______________ and swallow amniotic fluid that prepares their digestive system for after birth
strengthen their lungs,
children and adolescents’ interpretations of their experiences extend to _____________ as well as about the external world
inferences about themselves
children who successfully regulate their emotions tend to be more popular and ___________ than those less skilled at emotional regulation
more socially competent
children’s characteristics and behaviour influence __________, as well as those of their peers
parents’ and teachers’ reactions
what 4 key assumptions do all stage theories share?
development progressing through a series of qualitatively distinct stages
when children are in a given stage, a fairly broad range of their thinking and behaviour exhibits the features characteristic of that stage
the stages occur in the same order for all children
transitions between stages occur quickly
biological change mechanisms come into play the moment a sperm units with an egg, with each containing ____ of the DNA that will constitude the child’s genotype throughout life
half
the brain includes a number of areas that are specialized for specific functions which makes possible _________________which enhances learning of the relevant type of information
rapid and universal development of these functions
like older children, infants can also learn through _________, or operant, conditioning
instrumental
among the crucial contributors to this social learning are ______________
imitation, social referencing, language, and guided participation
scaffolding
when a more knowledgeable person may provide the learning with an overview of a given task, demonstrate how to do the most difficult parts, provide help with the most difficult parts, and offer suggestions to the learner on how to proceed
4 types of information-processing mechanisms
basic processes, strategies, metacognition, and content knowledge
many have proposed that nearly universal, rapid learning in these domains is produced by ____________ that operate on everyday experience to produce accurate conclusions about the world
domain-specific learning mechanisms
values and practices that people within a society take for granted as natural often ____________
vary substantially among societies
the degree of economic inequality within each society influences _________________
how large a difference the economic circumstances make
the influence of friends, other peers, teachers, and other adults, varies in as many ways as that of _____
families
the correlation between a person’s gender and future individual differences reflects complex interactions among _____________ influences
social and biological
children and adolescents who are high in self-esteem tend to be strong on many other dimensions of ___________ functioning as well
social and emotional
values and practices that people within a society take for granted as natural often vary ____________
substantially among societies
the degree of economic inequality within each society influences how large a difference the ___________ make
economic circumstances
beyond intelligence and gender, 2 other crucial dimensions of individual differences are __________
attachment and self-esteem
the relative stability of most children’s environments contributes to these long-term continuities of __________
psychological functioning
parents exert at least as large an influence on their children’s social and emotional development as on their _______ development
intellctual
most parents have no difficulty forming a secure attachment with their baby, but some do not form such bonds. Why?
genetics
baby’s temperament, and parent’s attitude and responsiveness that influence the quality of attachment
Information-processing theories suggest that _____________ available to children in everyday activities can improve learning
analyzing the types of information
Early educational programs that are _____________, like the Abecedarian Project, produce large gains in both academic achievement and social skills that continue through childhood and adolescence
optimally staffed, high funded, and carefully designed
knowledge of child-development research can inform your __________ on many issues relevant to children
perspectives
there is no end of social problems, and understanding child development can _____________
help address the ones that affect children’s futures
Note 
Flashcard (65)