Chapter 16 - Conclusions

studied byStudied by 1 person
0.0(0)
Get a hint
Hint

the interaction of nature and nurture before birth is apparent when things go wrong, especially in the case of _________

1 / 33

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

34 Terms

1

the interaction of nature and nurture before birth is apparent when things go wrong, especially in the case of _________

teratogens

New cards
2

nature equips babies with a host of qualities that elicit _______________ from parents and other caregivers

appropriate nurture

New cards
3

timing of exposure to teratogens greatly influences their effects on ____________

prenatal development

New cards
4

many genetically influenced properties do not become evident until _________________

middle childhood, adolescence, or adulthood

New cards
5

factors other than genes also have a role in terms of support from ___________________

famiily and peers, and values of the broader society

New cards
6

infants’ and older children’s actions produce _______ in other people, which further shape the children’s development

reactions

New cards
7

How do children contribute to their own development?

  1. physically interacting with the environment

  2. interpreting their experinece

  3. regulating their behaviour

  4. eliciting reactions from other people

New cards
8

in the womb, fetuses make breathing movements that ______________ and swallow amniotic fluid that prepares their digestive system for after birth

strengthen their lungs,

New cards
9

children and adolescents’ interpretations of their experiences extend to _____________ as well as about the external world

inferences about themselves

New cards
10

children who successfully regulate their emotions tend to be more popular and ___________ than those less skilled at emotional regulation

more socially competent

New cards
11

children’s characteristics and behaviour influence __________, as well as those of their peers

parents’ and teachers’ reactions

New cards
12

what 4 key assumptions do all stage theories share?

  1. development progressing through a series of qualitatively distinct stages

  2. when children are in a given stage, a fairly broad range of their thinking and behaviour exhibits the features characteristic of that stage

  3. the stages occur in the same order for all children

  4. transitions between stages occur quickly

New cards
13

biological change mechanisms come into play the moment a sperm units with an egg, with each containing ____ of the DNA that will constitude the child’s genotype throughout life

half

New cards
14

the brain includes a number of areas that are specialized for specific functions which makes possible _________________which enhances learning of the relevant type of information

rapid and universal development of these functions

New cards
15

like older children, infants can also learn through _________, or operant, conditioning

instrumental

New cards
16

among the crucial contributors to this social learning are ______________

imitation, social referencing, language, and guided participation

New cards
17

scaffolding

  • when a more knowledgeable person may provide the learning with an overview of a given task, demonstrate how to do the most difficult parts, provide help with the most difficult parts, and offer suggestions to the learner on how to proceed

New cards
18

4 types of information-processing mechanisms

  • basic processes, strategies, metacognition, and content knowledge

New cards
19

many have proposed that nearly universal, rapid learning in these domains is produced by ____________ that operate on everyday experience to produce accurate conclusions about the world

domain-specific learning mechanisms

New cards
20

values and practices that people within a society take for granted as natural often ____________

vary substantially among societies

New cards
21

the degree of economic inequality within each society influences _________________

how large a difference the economic circumstances make

New cards
22

the influence of friends, other peers, teachers, and other adults, varies in as many ways as that of _____

families

New cards
23

the correlation between a person’s gender and future individual differences reflects complex interactions among _____________ influences

social and biological

New cards
24

children and adolescents who are high in self-esteem tend to be strong on many other dimensions of ___________ functioning as well

social and emotional

New cards
25

values and practices that people within a society take for granted as natural often vary ____________

substantially among societies

New cards
26

the degree of economic inequality within each society influences how large a difference the ___________ make

economic circumstances

New cards
27

beyond intelligence and gender, 2 other crucial dimensions of individual differences are __________

attachment and self-esteem

New cards
28

the relative stability of most children’s environments contributes to these long-term continuities of __________

psychological functioning

New cards
29

parents exert at least as large an influence on their children’s social and emotional development as on their _______ development

intellctual

New cards
30

most parents have no difficulty forming a secure attachment with their baby, but some do not form such bonds. Why?

  • genetics

  • baby’s temperament, and parent’s attitude and responsiveness that influence the quality of attachment

New cards
31

Information-processing theories suggest that _____________ available to children in everyday activities can improve learning

analyzing the types of information

New cards
32

Early educational programs that are _____________, like the Abecedarian Project, produce large gains in both academic achievement and social skills that continue through childhood and adolescence

optimally staffed, high funded, and carefully designed

New cards
33

knowledge of child-development research can inform your __________ on many issues relevant to children

perspectives

New cards
34

there is no end of social problems, and understanding child development can _____________

help address the ones that affect children’s futures

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 15 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1956 people
... ago
4.9(7)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 11 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 9 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 48 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1128 people
... ago
5.0(2)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (46)
studied byStudied by 19 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (54)
studied byStudied by 9 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (40)
studied byStudied by 6 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (78)
studied byStudied by 6 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (648)
studied byStudied by 24 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (319)
studied byStudied by 15 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (31)
studied byStudied by 28 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (34)
studied byStudied by 33 people
... ago
5.0(1)
robot