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Nation-State
A state primarily occupied by a single nation, where the cultural boundaries of the nation align with the political boundaries of the state. Example: Japan.
Stateless Nation
A nation without a sovereign state of its own, often spread across multiple states. Example: The Kurds.
Multinational State
A state that contains multiple nations within its borders, often with varying degrees of autonomy or tension. Example: Canada, U.S, UK, Kenya.
Multi-State Nation
A nation that is spread across multiple states, often leading to shared cultural identities across borders. Example: Korea (North and South Korea), Northern Ireland/Ireland with the UK, Germany, Arab Nations.
Irredentism
A political movement advocating for the reclaiming of territory historically or culturally connected to a nation but currently controlled by another state. Example: Russia trying to take the ethnically Russian people out of Ukraine.
Ethnic Enclave
A small area occupied by a distinct ethnic group, often completely surrounded by a different ethnic or cultural majority. Example: The different nations in Spain (like Catalonia) want to be their own independent state.
Ethnic Exclave
A portion of an ethnic group that resides outside its primary area, separated from the main body by foreign territory. Example: The Hungarian population in Romania.
Bi-National State
A state where two distinct nations coexist within the same political boundaries, often with equal recognition or power. Example: Belgium (Flemish and Walloon communities) basically a state with 2 or more nations.