Units 1-9

Industrial Revolution

• A period of major technological and economic change beginning in Britain in the late 18th century that involved the shift from hand production to machine-based manufacturing.

Urbanization

• Mass movement of people to cities for factory work, leading to rapid city growth and often poor living conditions.

Labor Unions

• Organizations formed to protect workers' rights and improve working conditions, often through strikes and negotiations.

Capitalism

• An economic system based on private ownership, driven by profit and market competition, supporting industrial growth.

Socialism

• An ideology advocating for collective or state ownership of production as a response to the social issues of capitalism.

Second Industrial Revolution

• A phase occurring in the late 19th to early 20th century focused on steel, electricity, and chemicals, leading to major advances in communication.

Environmental Effects of Industrialization

• Includes pollution of air and water, deforestation, reliance on fossil fuels, and increased carbon emissions.

Impacts of Industrialization on Women

• Women entered the labor force in large numbers, typically earning less than men and gaining economic independence, contributing to early feminist movements.

Responses to Industrial Capitalism

• Included the formation of labor unions, calls for socialism, social reform movements, and establishment of utopian communities.

Role of the State in Industrialization

• Involved government investment in infrastructure, regulation of labor, and sometimes direct control of key industries.

Motivations for European Colonization

• Desire for new trade routes
• Spread of Christianity
• National competition
• Curiosity from the Renaissance
• Technological advances

Treaty of Tordesillas

• An agreement that divided the New World between Spain and Portugal.

Encomienda system

• A labor system established by the Spanish in the Americas for resource extraction.

Scramble for Africa

• The rapid colonization of Africa by European powers during the late 19th century.

Berlin Conference

• A meeting in 1884-1885 where European powers divided Africa without African input.

Cultural syncretism

• The blending of different cultures resulting from colonization.

Cash-crop economies

• Economic systems in colonies focused on the production of crops for export, requiring dependency.

Tupac Amaru II

• Leader of a major uprising against Spanish rule in Peru.

Decolonization

• The process of colonies gaining independence from colonial rule after World War II.

Non-aligned movement

• A group of states that chose not to formally align with either the Western or Eastern blocs during the Cold War

Silk Roads

• Major trade routes that connected East Asia to Europe, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and culture.

Indian Ocean trade routes

• Sea routes that facilitated trade between East Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, characterized by the seasonal monsoon winds.

Trans-Saharan trade routes

• Land routes across the Sahara Desert, connecting North Africa to sub-Saharan Africa, primarily used for trading gold and salt.

Pax Mongolia

• A period of peace and stability under Mongol rule that allowed safe trade across Eurasia.

Marco Polo

• A Venetian merchant whose travels to the Yuan Dynasty increased European interest in Asia.

Mahayana Buddhism

• A major form of Buddhism that spread along the Silk Roads, emphasizing the role of the bodhisattva.

Camel caravans

• Innovative means of transportation that facilitated Saharan trade by enabling the transport of goods across the desert.

Swahili city-states

• Wealthy trade hubs along the East African coast that blended African, Arab, and Islamic cultures.

Zheng He

• A Chinese admiral who led maritime voyages to promote trade and demonstrate the power of the Ming Dynasty.

Cultural diffusion

• The spread of beliefs, ideas, technologies, and practices between different cultures.

Black Death

• A devastating pandemic that spread via trade routes, causing massive population loss across Afro-Eurasia.

Environmental effect of increased trade

• The spread of crops like citrus and rice, as well as the spread of diseases such as the Black Death.

What are the major themes of Unit 8?

• Cold War conflicts and diplomacy.
• Decolonization and independence movements.
• Social movements and cultural shifts.
• Economic changes and globalization.

What was the Cold War?

• Geopolitical tension between the U.S. and USSR.
• Ideological conflict: capitalism vs. communism.
• Avoided direct conflict—used proxy wars.
• Lasted from 1947 to 1991.

What was the policy of containment?

• U.S. strategy to stop the spread of communism.
• Included military and economic aid.
• Examples: Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan.
• Supported allies in Korea and Vietnam.

What was the Truman Doctrine?

• U.S. pledge to support nations resisting communism.
• First applied in Greece and Turkey (1947).
• Part of broader containment policy.
• Set precedent for Cold War interventions.

What was the Marshall Plan?

• U.S. aid to rebuild Western Europe after WWII.
• Prevented spread of communism through economic recovery.
• Strengthened U.S.-European alliances.
• Over $12 billion distributed.

What is NATO?

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949).
• Military alliance of Western nations.
• Mutual defense against Soviet aggression.
• Still active today.

What was the Warsaw Pact?

• Soviet response to NATO (1955).
• Alliance of Eastern Bloc nations.
• Military support for communist governments.
• Dissolved after Cold War ended.

What was the Korean War?

• Conflict between North (communist) and South Korea (U.S.-backed).
• Began in 1950 with North's invasion.
• Ended in 1953 with armistice and continued division.
• Example of Cold War proxy war.

What was the Vietnam War?

• North Vietnam (communist) vs. South Vietnam (U.S.-backed).
• U.S. escalated involvement in 1960s.
• Ended in 1975 with North Vietnamese victory.
• Controversial and costly for U.S.

What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?

• 1962 confrontation over Soviet missiles in Cuba.
• Closest moment to nuclear war.
• Resolved with U.S.-Soviet agreement.
• Led to improved communication (hotline).

What was détente?

• Relaxation of Cold War tensions in the 1970s.
• Involved arms limitation talks (SALT).
• Increased trade and diplomacy.
• Ended with Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

What were the Non-Aligned Nations?

• Countries that stayed neutral in Cold War.
• Led by India, Egypt, and Yugoslavia.
• Promoted peace and independence.
• Often former colonies.

What was the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?

• Soviets intervened to support communist government (1979).
• Faced resistance from U.S.-backed mujahideen.
• War drained Soviet resources.
• Contributed to Cold War tensions and USSR decline.

How did the Cold War end?

• Fall of Berlin Wall (1989).
• Eastern European revolutions.
• Collapse of USSR in 1991.
• Democratic reforms and economic instability.

What was decolonization?

• Process of colonies gaining independence.
• Accelerated after WWII.
• Led by nationalist leaders and movements.
• Often met with resistance by colonial powers.

What was Indian independence (1947)?

• Led by Gandhi’s nonviolent resistance.
• Partitioned into India and Pakistan.
• Caused mass migrations and violence.
• Ended British colonial rule.

What was the Algerian War of Independence?

• War against French colonial rule (1954–1962).
• Led by the National Liberation Front (FLN).
• Characterized by guerrilla warfare and brutality.
• Achieved independence in 1962.

Who was Kwame Nkrumah?

• Leader of Ghana’s independence from Britain.
• Promoted Pan-Africanism.
• First Prime Minister of Ghana (1957).
• Symbol of African nationalism.

What was the Bandung Conference (1955)?

• Meeting of Asian and African nations.
• Promoted non-alignment and decolonization.
• Resisted Cold War pressures.
• Laid foundation for the Non-Aligned Movement.

What role did the UN play in decolonization?

• Supported self-determination and independence.
• Provided forums for emerging nations.
• Monitored transitions and peacekeeping.
• Promoted human rights and development.

What were African independence movements?

• Used protests, diplomacy, and armed struggle.
• Faced challenges of ethnic divisions and underdevelopment.
• Rapid independence in 1950s–70s.
• Sometimes led to authoritarian rule.

What was apartheid in South Africa?

• System of racial segregation (1948–1994).
• Opposed by Nelson Mandela and ANC.
• International sanctions pressured change.
• Ended with democratic elections.

What were Latin American revolutions?

• Cuban Revolution (1959) led by Fidel Castro.
• Nicaragua’s Sandinista Revolution (1979).
• Leftist movements often opposed by U.S.
• Civil wars in El Salvador and Guatemala.

What was the Chinese Cultural Revolution?

• Mao Zedong’s campaign to eliminate opposition (1966–1976).
• Targeted intellectuals and traditional culture.
• Youth-led Red Guards disrupted society.
• Millions persecuted or killed.

What was the Iranian Revolution (1979)?

• Overthrew Western-backed Shah.
• Established Islamic Republic under Ayatollah Khomeini.
• Anti-U.S. and anti-secular policies.
• Inspired political Islam movements.

What were global feminist movements?

• Demanded gender equality and rights.
• Second-wave feminism in 1960s–70s.
• Addressed workplace, legal, and reproductive rights.
• Spread through education and activism.

What was the Civil Rights Movement?

• Struggle against racial segregation in U.S.
• Led by figures like Martin Luther King Jr.
• Used nonviolent protest and legal action.
• Resulted in Civil Rights Act (1964).

What were youth and counterculture movements?

• Rejected traditional values and authority.
• Focused on peace, civil rights, and freedom.
• Influenced music, fashion, and politics.
• Seen in protests against Vietnam War.

What is liberation theology?

• Movement within the Catholic Church.
• Emphasized social justice and aiding the poor.
• Popular in Latin America.
• Criticized inequality and authoritarianism.

What was the Green Revolution?

• Use of new agricultural techniques in developing countries.
• Boosted food production with fertilizers and GMOs.
• Helped reduce hunger but harmed environment.
• Widened economic gaps.

What were key Cold War technologies?

• Nuclear weapons and missiles.
• Space Race: Sputnik, Apollo.
• Computers and surveillance systems.
• Military

Global Conflicts

• Major events such as WWI, WWII, and the Cold War.

Political Ideologies

• Systems of thought including fascism, communism, and democracy.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• The event that triggered World War I in 1914.

Trench Warfare

• A type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines, predominant on the Western Front during WWI.

Collapse of Empires

• The dissolution of empires like the Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and German post-WWI.

Russian Revolution

• The 1917 uprising that led to the overthrow of the tsarist regime in Russia.

Great Depression

• A severe worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929.

Fascism

• An authoritarian political ideology that is anti-democratic and promotes nationalism.

Treaty of Versailles

• The peace treaty that ended WWI, which imposed heavy reparations on Germany.

Holocaust

• The systematic genocide of approximately 6 million Jews during WWII by Nazi Germany.

Cold War

• The ideological conflict between the U.S. and USSR from 1947 to 1991.

Decolonization

• The process through which colonies gained independence, notably after WWII.

Globalization

• The increasing interconnectedness of nations through trade, culture, and technology.

Terrorism

• The use of violence for political or ideological purposes, seen prominently in the modern era.

Apartheid

• A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa.

Green Revolution

• The period of agricultural transformation post-World War II that introduced high-yield crops and new technologies.

Environmental Challenges

• Current global issues like climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss

What are the major themes of Unit 9?

• Globalization and interconnectedness
• Technological and scientific innovations
• Environmental changes and challenges
• Economic developments and inequality

What is globalization?

• Increased interconnectedness of nations, people, and economies
• Accelerated by technology, trade, and communication
• Promotes cultural diffusion and economic integration

What were key technologies that enabled globalization?

• Internet and digital communication
• Jet travel and container shipping
• Satellites and GPS
• Mobile phones and social media

How has communication changed in the modern era?

• Rapid global exchange of information
• Rise of social media platforms
• 24-hour news cycle and real-time updates
• Increased public awareness and activism

What are examples of economic globalization?

• Multinational corporations (e.g., Apple, Toyota)
• Free trade agreements (e.g., NAFTA, EU)
• Outsourcing and offshoring
• Global supply chains

What are supranational organizations?

• Groups of nations for political/economic cooperation
• Examples include the United Nations, European Union, and WTO

What is the World Trade Organization (WTO)?

• An organization established to regulate international trade
• Promotes free trade
• Provides dispute resolution

What is the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?

• An organization that provides loans to countries in financial crisis
• Encourages economic reform and stability

What is neoliberalism?

• An economic policy promoting free markets and deregulation
• Includes the privatization of state industries
• Involves reduced government spending

What is outsourcing?

• Shifting jobs or services to cheaper locations
• Commonly in manufacturing and tech support

What is microfinance?

• Providing small loans to individuals in developing countries
• Promotes entrepreneurship and poverty reduction

What are the effects of globalization on culture?

• Spread of Western culture and consumerism
• Cultural blending and hybrid identities
• Rise of global entertainment

What are examples of global cultural diffusion?

• McDonald’s and Starbucks worldwide
• Hip hop influencing youth culture
• Yoga and martial arts in the West

What were major scientific advancements?

• Mapping of the human genome
• Development of vaccines
• Advances in AI and computing
• Space exploration

What is the Green Revolution?

• The increase of crop yields through new technologies
• Use of fertilizers, pesticides, and GMOs

What are major environmental challenges?

• Climate change and global warming
• Deforestation and biodiversity loss
• Pollution and resource depletion

What are the causes of climate change?

• Burning fossil fuels
• Deforestation
• Industrial emissions
• Agriculture's methane production

What are the effects of climate change?

• Rising global temperatures
• Extreme weather events
• Glacial melting
• Displacement and food insecurity

What global efforts address climate change?

• Kyoto Protocol
• Paris Agreement
• UN Climate Conferences
• Carbon trading

What is sustainable development?

• Meeting present needs without harming future generations
• Combining environmental, economic, and social goals