Veterinary Anatomy Finals Reviewer

A set of Q&A flashcards covering the major anatomical outlined in the lecture notes, suitable for comprehensive final-exam review.

Which cells are primarily responsible for secreting antibodies?

B-cells.

What is the pointed, cranial portion of each lung called?

The apex of the lung.

What is the wide, caudal portion of the lung called?

The base of the lung.

Name the three layers of the heart from outermost to innermost.

Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

Which vessel type carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?

Arteries (and arterioles).

Which vessel type carries deoxygenated blood toward the heart and contains valves?

Veins (and venules).

Into which part of the small intestine do the bile duct and pancreatic duct empty?

The duodenum.

Where is bile stored between meals?

In the gallbladder beneath the liver.

What hormone is produced by graafian follicles?

Estrogen.

What hormone is produced by the corpus luteum?

Progesterone.

Which immunoglobulin class has γ (gamma) heavy chains?

IgG.

Which immunoglobulin class has μ (mu) heavy chains?

IgM.

Which immunoglobulin class is associated with allergic reactions?

IgE.

Which two ducts join the caudal aspect of the trachea at the carina?

The right and left principal bronchi (point of tracheal bifurcation).

What are the main paired cartilages of the larynx?

Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages.

What are the unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

Epiglottis, cricoid, and thyroid cartilages.

Which cranial nerve is the longest?

The vagus nerve (CN X).

Which cranial nerve is the largest?

The trigeminal nerve (CN V).

Which branch of the abdominal aorta supplies the stomach, liver, spleen, and pancreas?

The celiac trunk.

Which branch of the abdominal aorta supplies the jejuno-ileum and ascending colon?

The superior mesenteric artery.

Which branch of the abdominal aorta supplies the kidneys?

The renal arteries.

Which hormone lowers blood glucose and which pancreatic cells secrete it?

Insulin, secreted by β (beta) cells.

Which hormone raises blood glucose and which pancreatic cells secrete it?

Glucagon, secreted by α (alpha) cells.

Which portion of the brain houses the respiratory centers?

The brainstem, specifically the pons and medulla oblongata.

Which area of the hypothalamus regulates body temperature?

The thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus.

Where are thirst and hunger centers located in the brain?

In the hypothalamus.

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the vena cava?

The right atrium.

Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary artery?

The right ventricle.

Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins?

The left atrium.

Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the aorta?

The left ventricle.

What structure passes through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm?

The aorta, azygos vein, and cisterna chyli.

Which muscle pair forms the floor of the mouth and supports the tongue?

The mylohyoideus muscles.

Name one emergency (fight-or-flight) hormone released by the adrenal medulla.

Adrenaline (epinephrine).

What are the major functions of testosterone?

Development of male secondary sexual characteristics and maintenance of spermatogenesis.

Where does sperm formation occur?

In the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

Where does sperm maturation (spermiogenesis) occur?

In the epididymis.

Which uterine type is typical of single-bearing animals and where does the fetus develop?

Bipartite uterus; fetus develops mainly in the uterine body.

Which uterine type is typical of multiple-bearing animals?

Bicornuate uterus with long uterine horns.

Which muscles elevate (abduct) the forelimb and are classified as extrinsic?

Trapezius and rhomboideus muscles.

Which artery is palpated on the inner thigh of dogs to take a pulse?

The femoral artery.

Which artery continues as the popliteal artery behind the knee?

The femoral artery after passing the adductor magnus muscle.

Which abdominal muscle lies immediately beneath the external abdominal oblique?

The internal abdominal oblique muscle.

Which muscle flexes the elbow and is located on the cranial brachium?

Brachialis.

Which hormone from the small intestine stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion?

Cholecystokinin (CCK).

Which two systems comprise the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Name the sensory neuron found in the retina that has one axon and one dendrite.

A bipolar neuron.

Which papillae on the tongue are bristle-like?

Filiform papillae.

Which papillae on the tongue are mushroom-shaped and contain taste buds?

Fungiform papillae.

Which papillae form a V-shaped row at the back of the tongue?

Vallate (circumvallate) papillae.

Which arteries supply the hind limbs and are direct continuations of the abdominal aorta?

The external iliac arteries.

Which hormone produced by the anterior pituitary promotes milk production?

Prolactin.

Which layer of the esophagus is composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

The mucous membrane (tunica mucosa).

What is the functional and structural unit of the kidney?

The nephron.

Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for filtration?

The renal (glomerular) corpuscle.

Which enzyme in pancreatic juice digests fats?

Pancreatic lipase.

Which pancreatic pro-enzymes digest proteins after activation?

Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen (become trypsin and chymotrypsin).

Which abdominal cavity fold attaches the small intestine to the dorsal body wall?

The mesentery.

Which fatty peritoneal fold hangs like an apron from the stomach?

The omentum (greater omentum).

Name the serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity.

The pleura.

Name the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity.

The peritoneum.

Which cells increase during bacterial infections and have multilobed nuclei?

Neutrophils (a granulocyte type).

Which leukocytes increase in parasitic infections?

Eosinophils.

Which leukocytes increase during allergic reactions?

Basophils.

Which agranulocyte has a large round nucleus that almost fills the cytoplasm?

Lymphocyte.

Which agranulocyte has an indented (kidney-shaped) nucleus?

Monocyte.

What ligament attaches the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity?

The frenulum linguae (noted indirectly by oral cavity boundaries).

Which muscle forms the most superficial layer of the abdominal wall?

External abdominal oblique.

Name one muscle in the iliocostalis system of epaxial muscles.

Iliocostalis thoracis (or iliocostalis lumborum).

Which cranial nerve innervates most muscles of facial expression?

The facial nerve (CN VII).

What is another term for the right atrioventricular valve?

The tricuspid valve.

What is another term for the left atrioventricular valve?

The bicuspid or mitral valve.

Which two muscles comprise the brachiocephalicus?

Cleidobrachialis and cleidocephalicus.

What is the connective tissue line along the ventral midline of the abdomen where aponeuroses meet?

Linea alba.

Which deep neck muscle flexes the atlanto-occipital joint and cervical vertebrae?

Longus capitis.

Which paired muscle elevates the mandible and is a principal masticatory muscle?

Masseter.

What is the principal male sex organ responsible for copulation?

The penis (with bulbus glandis in dogs for locking).

Which skin fold surrounds and protects the glans penis?

The prepuce.

Which structure transports urine from the kidney to the bladder?

The ureter (enters at the renal hilus).

What structure collects urine from each renal papilla?

Minor calyx.

What is the broad connective tissue covering of the kidney called?

The renal (fibrous) capsule.

Which skeletal muscle forms the external anal sphincter?

Sphincter ani externi.

Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant in serum?

IgG.

What enzyme in gastric juice begins protein digestion after activation by HCl?

Pepsin (from pepsinogen).

Which structure divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

The diaphragm.

Name one sublumbar muscle involved in flexing the hip.

Iliopsoas (or psoas minor).

Which vessel drains deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium?

The vena cava (cranial and caudal).

Which hormone from the anterior pituitary stimulates the thyroid gland?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Which structure of the brain is responsible for balance and coordination?

The cerebellum.

Which paired skeletal muscles elevate the ribs during inspiration?

External intercostal muscles (intercostales externi).

Which ligament extends from the external occipital protuberance to the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae, supporting the head?

Ligamentum nuchae.

Which large back muscle extends from thoracic vertebrae to the humerus and retracts the limb?

Latissimus dorsi.

Name the nerve plexus that supplies the forelimb.

The brachial plexus (though not explicitly listed, implied by limb supply).

What is the largest organ in the abdominal cavity responsible for bile production?

The liver.

Which region of the large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes?

The colon.

What is the function of the rectum?

Temporary storage of feces prior to defecation.

Which hormone produced by adipose tissue signals satiety (not in notes but integrates hunger center)?

Leptin (contextual to hypothalamic hunger center).

What is the scientific term for the voice box?

The larynx.

Which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to most thoracic and abdominal organs?

The vagus nerve (CN X).

Which species possess digital arteries supplying the distal limbs?

Horses, goats, and domesticated ducks.

Which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).