bones and cartilage

Functions of the skeleton

Shape, support, protection, muscle attachment, movement, blood formation, calcium storage

Axial skeleton includes

Skull, mandible, hyoid, sternum, ribs, vertebral column

Appendicular skeleton includes

Bones of upper and lower limbs

Intramembranous ossification

Bone develops directly from mesenchyme (e.g., clavicle, skull cap)

Intracartilaginous ossification

Bone forms from a cartilage model (e.g., long bones, vertebrae)

Types of bones by shape

Long, short, flat, pneumatic, irregular, sesamoid

Parts of a long bone

Epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, periosteum, endosteum

Bone growth in length

Occurs at epiphyseal plates

Bone growth in width

Occurs via osteoblasts in periosteum

Arterial supply of bones

Nutrient, metaphyseal, epiphyseal, periosteal arteries

Bone surface features

Tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter, foramen, groove, notch

Sex differences in bones

Male: heavier, thicker; Female: lighter, wider pelvis

Properties of cartilage

Tough, resilient, avascular, chondrocytes, diffusion nutrition

Types of cartilage

Hyaline, white fibrocartilage, yellow elastic fibrocartilage

Hyaline cartilage locations

Fetal bones, joints, trachea, epiphyseal plates

White fibrocartilage locations

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

Yellow elastic cartilage locations

Ear, epiglottis, tip of nose

MCQ: Appendicular skeleton includes

Bones of the limbs

MCQ: Cartilage in the tip of the nose

Yellow elastic fibrocartilage

MCQ: Growing end of bone

End where ossification occurs later