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Deception
the act of causing someone to accept as true/valid what is false/invalid
Ideal journalism
seeking truth and reporting it based on discipline of verification
4 P’s of success
Potential
Purpose
Perspective
Perseverance
Journalism is focus on what of the 4 P’s
Perspective
Media and technology are
linked
What fundamentally changed media?
Digital technology
Who controls the media market?
Tech giants
Media is accessible…
It is mobile; anywhere, anytime
What is replacing previously established media models
Streaming media
Social networks are
important, but works in progress
Why does truth matter
democracy could die if false information remains unchecked
True or False: Political attacks against press are not new
True
Journalism process
Gathering
Assessing
Creating
Presenting
What is news
Truth; the quest for accuracy of facts
Journalisms first obligation is to
the truth
Independence
the construct of a watchdog role over government and other institutions
Relevance
avoiding sensationalism and false significance, which “trivializes civic dialogue and ultimately public policy”
Most journalists view themselves as
public servants
Most journalists embrace
healthy skepticism
Most journalists are ____ seekers
truth seekers; not sensationalists
7 principles of defining news
Timeliness
Proximity
Impact
Prominence
Unusualness
Conflict
Emotion
5 W’s & H
Who
What
When
Where
Why
How
Journalistic process trains you to
Use ability to reason; sort through competing options and make choices
associate links between ideas and explain them to your audience
determine the importance and relevance of arguments and ideas
identify inconsistencies and errors in reasoning
become consistent and systematic
Mass communication
sending the same message, often from a large organization to many varied people at the same time through a technological medium
Types of news
Hard news
Features
Investigative stories
Hard news
Typical news things; crime, economy, politics/government, international affairs
Features
insights into things of personal interest + adds balance to the news
ex. entertainment, lifestyle
Investigative stories
true investigative reporting that delivers significant new information about matters of public importance
The broadcast arc
a narrative approach with a beginning, middle, and end
The inverted pyramid
begins with most important information and works down to less important info
Press is the only profession provided protection by
the constitution; 1st amendment
True or false: Social media is actively reducing news
True; specifically Facebook and X
True or false: video led platforms are growing in importance
true
What percentage of Americans are concerned about what is real vs fake news online?
72%
What percentage of Americans pay for online news?
22%
Has interest in news gone down?
Yes
Information
the raw material of communication
Communication
the process of placing “information” into action
Media
the systems and structures of facilitating the communication process
Media as a type of context
Movies, photography, social media, etc
Media by how content is distributed
streaming services, internet, cell phones, etc
Size and scope of US media market compared to rest of world
US share is 1/3
Are these type of media going up or down in popularity?
TV
Digital
Print down
TV down
Digital up
What was the tipping point year and why?
2019; digital media passes traditional for the first time
Macro trends driving media change
Streaming: faster networks and devices
Fragmentation: Social media uncertainty
Immersion: Gaming, AI
Media literacy
an educational approach that empowers people to use critical thinking skills when consuming media
Media literacy intentions
Creating awareness of the characteristics of media
Intent of messages
Techniques used
Impact on society
Media literate person
ability to change, analyze, evaluate, and produce media. They are discerning about content they consume
Misinformation
False, but not created with the intention of causing harm
This can be breaking news, rapid fire release of information before absolute verification
Disinformation
False and deliberately created to harm or mislead a person, social group, organization, or country
Malinformation
Info based in reality but used to inflict harm on a person, organization, or country
ex. catfishing, revenge media
4 principles of media literacy
Access: get a greater variety of sources
Analysis: examine structure and content and its purpose
Evaluation: judgement made about content
Produce: creating original messages
Theory
a series of propositions use to describe or explain an experience or occurance
Media theories
Transactional Model
Linear model
Uses and gratifications theory
Dependency theory
Cultivation theory
Transactional model
Sender and receiver that encode and decode messages. When this happens a feedback loop is formed
Types of noise in transactional model
Environmental: sounds that distract
Mental: internal distractions
Semantic: language differences
Linear model
Receiver experiencing message from mass medium
Uses and gratifications theory
People use media to fulfill various needs
Dependency theory
Choosing forms of media that meet our needs, but it extends to dependency
Cultivation theory
over time, exposure to media messages cultivates our perceptions of reality
Framing
the central organizing idea for news content that supplies a context and suggests what the issue is; the angle or perspective from which a story is told
How is news framed?
Selection: what is covered
Emphasis: length/time of coverage, how many POVs, placement, promotion
Exclusion: what is not covered
Elaboration: how often is it covered
Gatekeeping
How the news media play an important role in determining what news is
Gatekeeping internal factors
Personal values/beliefs
Constraints in day-to-day function
Ideologies of news organization
External factors of gatekeeping
Available sources
Audience pressures
Advertisers
Interest groups
Governmental restrictions
Competition
Agenda setting
the media agenda predicts and sets the public agenda; now, there is more influence from audience due to social media
Priming
Thinking of one subject triggers thoughts of other things associated with original topic; mental cartwheeling
